Average, of measurements

The fluorescence data were obtained by summarizing the intensity through the total image area. The results are the average of two different samples prepared in the same way. The gravimetric data are the average of measurements on five samples. 

A micro computer system allowed voltage and current measurements to be synchronised plus data logging and averaging of measurements. Alongside each "measurement" foil was a "control" foil, coated with paint plus a protective epoxy coating, which did not corrode and allowed resistance measurements to be normalised. 

Intensity measurements using rapid-passage dispersion mode spectra have been little explored to date. It became necessary, therefore, to study the quantitative aspects of C13 NMR. Our early work was limited to measurements on alkyl aromatic and hydroaromatic compounds. The results of intensity measurements on the C13 spectra of 15 compounds are illustrated graphically in Figure 2. Each point is the average of measurements on at least eight spectra, four of which were obtained with sweep increasing and four... 

The nonfractionation techniques, by themselves, use a variety of phenomena to probe particle characteristics. In one class (e.g., most forms of light scattering), measurements are made on a large, nondifferentiated particle population. In another (e.g., electron microscopy and electrozone methods), results are based on a statistical averaging of measurements made for individual particles. 

Degree of agreement between average predictions of a model or the average of measurements and the true value of the quantity being predicted or measured. Accuracy is also a criterion used to evaluate the knowledge base uncertainty. It focuses on the identification of the most important bottlenecks in the available knowledge and the determination of their impact on the quality of the result. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a surfece analytical (1 - 5 nm depth) technique. For the analyses presented here, it should be remembered that on the scale of the XPS analysis area (4 mm x 3 mm), the individual sample grains would be randomly oriented. The analyses will be averages of measurements from all possible directions of the grains, including those presenting the outer faces of the hexagonal structure to the analyser and others which are end-on, thus contributing information on elements and species within the open ends of the pore structure. 

While the flame is planar, under the influence of the pyroacoustic instability, its speed is measured by recording the downward movement of the flame front using a video camera, taking into account the upward mean flow of reactants. Each calculated flame speed plotted in Fig. 7.3 represents the ensemble average of measurements from five experiments containing quasi-planar completely annular flames. 

For flames that exhibit the parametric instability, the velocity at which the exponential growth of velocity fluctuations started for each experiment was noted. These critical velocities are shown in Fig. 7.5, normalized by the laminar-flame speeds reported in [13]. All points shown on this plot represent the ensemble average of measurements from five experiments, and the error bars indicate the standard deviation about the mean value. The other curve on this plot was calculated using the analytical model of a premixed flame under the influence of an oscillating gravitational field by Bychkov [17], ris described above. Each point represents the smallest normalized acoustic velocity at the most unstable reduced wave number that resulted in the parametric instability. The experimental results show the same trend as the theoretical model mixtures with an equivalence ratio of 0.9, which require the smallest normalized acoustic velocity to trigger the parametric instability while flames on either side require larger values. 

Calibration factors are most often used for the quantitation of results. For the original method (see Tab. (3.1)) a specific absorbance Al% of 150 is proposed, if the degree of polymerization of the procyanidins under analysis is not known [130]. For the Porter s reagent (see Tab. (3.1)) the use of a specific absorbance A10/0 of 270 for dimers and 470 for higher oligomers has become common practice [55,129]. These values are averages of measured absorbance data of purified procyanidin standards originally determined by Porter et al. [113]. In pharmaceutical standardization procedures "plant-specific" calibration factors are also used [120]. These factors are determined for a specified plant extract and may only be used for quantitation of samples of this same matrix [131]. 

The average wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures shall be determined as an arithmetic average of measurements taken at not less than three locations approximately 5 feet above the basin curb elevation, not less than 50 feet or more than 100 feet to windward of the equipment, and equally spread along a line substantially bracketing the flow of the air to the equipment. 

Figure 2.6 Chloride profiles of a quay wall on vidual results of four cores (only symbols) the Dutch North Sea coast after 8 y of splash and best fitting profile according to zone exposure, blast furnace slag cement Eq. (4). described by = 1.77%, average of measured profiles (thin line), indi- D pp = 0.89 X 10rff/s...

The tables provide the averages of measurements taken at three different sites. Each feed material was usually the only protein source in the diet For each individual value of true digestibility, the apparent ileal digestibilities of the diet (AID in %) were estimated by using the basal endogenous losses characteristic of each site (EndobDMI i g), expressed in g/kg of ingested... 

Figure 4. Calibration plots for ( ) H2O2 in pH 5.5 0.05 M MES buffer with 0.1 M NaC104 and (A) H2O2 in 90% acetonitrile with 0.1 M TBAP plus 10% 0.05 M pH 5.5 MES buffer with 0.1 M NaC104. Operating potential -50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Data points are average of measurements using two electrodes.

FIGURE 6 Worldwide average of measured ice nucleus concentrations versus temperature (the Fletcher curve). 

The practical content of the central limit theorem is as follows. If one wants to figure out the exact value of a physical quantity by calculating the average of measured data, then (1) the estimate thus obtained is still not completely accurate. However, (2) the accuracy is better than that of the original data (it is clear otherwise the averaging would not make any sense at all). Moreover it is also reasonable to assume that (3) the somewhat erroneous estimates that can be obtained for the exact value in this way are normally distributed about the said exact value, no matter what the original data distribution was like (e.g., it could be uniform or exponential or anything provided that the expected value and the variance exist). 

Fig. 14. Plot of maximum percent change in K o and Ca jo against electrode position in the slice. Bars = 1 standard deviation. ALV, alveus LAC, striatum lacunosum. Each point represents average of measurements in 10 experiments. (From Benninger et al., 1980.)...

Recent studies by Tan and Duncan (1991) have compared measured settlements with settlements predicted using various procedures for footings on sand. These studies conclude that methods predicting settlements close to the average of measured settlement are likely to underestimate settlements half the time and to overestimate them half the time. The conservative methods (notably Terzaghi and Peck s) tend to overestimate settlements more than half the time and to underestimate them less likely. In other words, there is a trade-olf between accuracy and reliability. 

Postulate V When a large number of identical systems have the same state function xjf, the expected average of measurements on the variable M (one measurement per system) is given by... 

Each data point represents the average of measurements at three independent, random locations on the screen surface. Also plotted is the methanol/water contact angle data from Addesso and Lund (1997) obtained using the Whilhelmy plate method. Reasonable agreement exists between the data sets. Methanol mass fraction values in this work were chosen consistent with mass fractions from bubble point measurements. Contact angle measurements for mixtures here are also in qualitative agreement with previously... 

Table 26-2 shows the percent DNA retention for the complete set ofsol/gel coatings, and a reference sample (standard amino-silanized DNAmicroarray). The percent retention values presented are an average of measurements from six spots on three different slides with the same processing history. The nitrogen contents (in at%) for the different coatings, determined by XPS, are also listed in Table 26-2. 

The Yr for the reaction of HOCl and HCl on NAT particles is known to increase with water vapor and reaches a constant value at more than a certain vapor pressure. The average of measured values by Hanson and Ravishankara (1992) and Abbatt and Molina (1992a) is y,. = 0.135 0.049 without considering the porosity of the surface. The y decreases to one tenth when water vapor is not present (Abbatt and Molina 1992a). The recommended values by the NASA/JPL panel is y = 0.1 with an uncertainty by a factor of 2 (Sander et al. 2011). 

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