Possible sources of confusion

Confusion can also arise in the use of the terms anode and cathode. These should be confined to electrolysis. The electrodes of an electrochemical cell are best described in terms of their polarity. 

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Finally, a possible source of confusion when assigning structures to a given PAH is the correct number of the double bonds within the fused rings. The Fries Rule states that the most stable form of a polynuclear... 

Note a possible source of confusion here. We have put A = 0 and taken only the axial component of the field gradient the subscript 2 on q2 and Q2 refers to nucleus 2, and not to non-axial components of the second-rank tensors. 

The presence of two nuclear spins means that there is considerable choice in the selection of basis functions the reader who wishes to practice virtuosity in irreducible tensor algebra is invited to calculate the matrix elements in the different coupled representations that are possible In fact the sensible choice, particularly when a strong magnetic field is to be applied, is the nuclear spin-decoupled basis set t], A N, S, J, Mj /N, MN /H, MH). Again note the possible source of confusion here MN is the space-fixed component of the nitrogen nuclear spin /N, not the space-fixed component of N. This nuclear spin-decoupled basis set was the one chosen by Wayne and Radford in their analysis of the NH spectrum. 

Other possible sources of confusion, as far as electron distribution is concerned, are ambiguities you may see in literature representations of cations and anions. The following illustrations show several representations of the resonance forms of the cation produced when anisole is protonated in the para position by concentrated sulfuric acid. There are three features to note in the first representation of the product, 1-14 (i) Two lone pairs of... 

The majority of chemical engineers have stronger theoretical background in thermod3mamics than fluid mechanics, so the vocabulary used in fluid mechanics literature may be a first barrier that one needs to pass. At this point, we thus intend to remove a possible source of confusion that is common among... 

Salts containing the [HP03] ion are called phosphonates. Although the name phosphite remains in common use, it is a possible source of confusion since esters of type P(0R)3 are also called phosphites, e.g. P(OEt)3 is triethyl-phosphite. 

The reader should note a possible source of confusion. The traditional symbols for quantum mechanical wavefunctions and their component basis sets are the same as the wavelet and scaling functions used in wavelet analysis. In wavelet analysis one multiplies the function of interest, here the wavefunction, by the wavelet and scaling basis sets. In order to avoid confusion, we choose upper case and for quantum mechanical wavefunctions and lower-case vli and (p for wavelet and scaling functions. 

There is a possible source of confusion in the definitions of friction factor used in different works but in all cases the product of friction factor (0) and Reynolds number (Re) is approximately constant. For the definition of friction factor used by Wilkinson and Cliff and more recently by Pahl and Maschelknautz the empty pipe value of the product 0 Re is 64. 

Equations 15 and 20 are fuUy equivalent, but a possible source of confusion can arise in evaluating the activation overpotential, as the Butler-Volmer equation (discussed next) requires signed values of cathode and anode overpotential. 

A charge transfer contribution is often identified in perturbative descriptions of intennolecular forces. This, however, is not a new effect but a part of the short-range induction energy. It is possible to separate the charge transfer part from the rest of the induction energy [80]. It turns out to be relatively small and often negligible. Stone [28] has explained clearly how charge transfer has often been a source of confusion and error. 

The numerous ofs in that sentence are the source of confusion. One possible reading is that it is the water of Air (that is water contained in air) that was extricated. But a lit t lc punctuation gives what I think must be the correct meaning ...the 10th of the bulk, of the water, of Air extricated... . 

One source of confusion is when you think you have defined a variable, but have not really. Use disp(x) to see the current value of x in the command workspace. If the variable is supposed to be in an m-file, run the m-file with a command added to display the variable, and that will give you the value of x in the m-file workspace. That should give you a hint about possible sources of the error. The most common cause of this mistake (and one that is hard to find unless you check the code systematically) is forgetting to pass a parameter to the m-file using either global or as a parameter. The reason it is hard to find these mistakes is that in your mind you have set the value of the parameter in the program somewhere but failed to transfer it to the appropriate m-file. 

The term differential scanning calorimetry has become a source of confusion in thermal analysis. This confusion is understandable because at the present time there are several entirely different types of instruments that use the same name. These instruments are based on different designs, which are illustrated schematically in Figure 5.36 (157). In DTA. the temperature difference between the sample and reference materials is detected, Ts — Tx [a, 6, and c). In power-compensated DSC (/), the sample and reference materials are maintained isothermally by use of individual heaters. The parameter recorded is the difference in power inputs to the heaters, d /SQ /dt or dH/dt. If the sample is surrounded by a thermopile such as in the Tian-Calvet calorimeter, heat flux can be measured directly (e). The thermopiles surrounding the sample and reference material are connected in opposition (Calvet calorimeter). A simpler system, also the heat-flux type, is to measure the heat flux between the sample and reference materials (d). Hence, dqjdi is measured by having all the hot junctions in contact with the sample and all the cold junctions in contact with the reference material. Thus, there are at least three possible DSC systems, (d), (c), and (/), and three derived from DTA (a), [b), and (c), the last one also being found in DSC. Mackenzie (157) has stated that the Boersma system of DTA (c) should perhaps also be called a DSC system. 

One possible point of confusion regarding the notion of "cluster surface capacitance is also worthy of comment here. For electrode surfaces, capacitance charging is usually denoted as a nonfaradaic process to distinguish it from faradaic events that involve necessarily electron transfer across the metal-solution interface. From the cluster solutes, however, all charge build-up must necessarily occur via electron transfer from a source present in, or in contact with, the same solution (such as the gold electrode utilized in the spectroelectrochemical measurements). Of course, charging of plane metal surfaces may also occur by this faradaic mechanism, but is more conveniently achieved by connection to an external electrical source, thereby acting as a polarizable electrode. 

Some plant owners take the view that the complexity of the scheme creates a hazard because of potential misunderstanding of its operation by the process operator. One source of confusion is the use of the reciprocal of the air-to-fiiel ratio. Another is the air flow controller operating in equivalent fuel units. It is possible to reverse the scheme so that the ratio is on the fuel side, which resolves these issues but then means that the fuel flow control operates in equivalent air units. It is possible to reconfigure the scheme so that both ratios are used and both flow controllers work in their own units, as shown in Figure 10.22. 

Para, Tube or Bamboo Curare. This variety was packed in sections of bamboo, but this almost traditional information needs modification since tube curare became a commercial article. It is now a viscous, solid or even powdered extract, exported in sealed tins. In view of the relationship established between bebeerine, curine, and tubocurarhie, the active alkaloid of this variety of curare, the suggestion was made, first by Spath, Leithe and Ladeck, and more definitely by King that its botanical source should be sought among the Brazilian Menispermaceae, and as shown later the search for the source of the d-tubocurarine found in this variety of curare has been narrowed down to Chondrodendron tomentosum, or possibly a closely related species liable to be confused with it. 

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