Culture confusion

Hottola, P. (2004) Culture confusions Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 31 (2), 447-466. 

Hale, A.R., Cultures confusions. Editorial to a special issue on safety cultiue and climate. Safety Science, 34,1-14 (2000)... 

Figure 6.1. Confusing water faucets violate cultural stereotyftes.

But there was another view of the West that of the native inhabi-(10) tants of the land. Their understandings of landscapes, peoples, and resources formed both a contrast and counterpoint to those of Jefferson s travelers. One of Lewis and Clark s missions was to open diplomatic relations between the United States and the Native American nations of the West. As Jefferson told Lewis, it will now be proper (15) you should inform those through whose country you will pass. .. that henceforth we become their fathers and friends. When Euro-Americans and Native Americans met, they used ancient diplomatic protocols that included formal language, ceremonial gifts, and displays of military power. But behind these symbols and rituals there were often (20) very different ways of understanding power and authority. Such differences sometimes made communication across the cultural divide difficult and open to confusion and misunderstanding. 

Ginseng is a plant with a long history of use across several cultures (Hobbs 1996). The name ginseng is used traditionally to refer to several related species of plants (table 5.6). To further confuse the picture, it is also used to refer to several other unrelated species with similar effects. 

Figures presented in various sections apply to experiments in which pure cultures have been irradiated in a controlled medium. In actual practice one is faced with the problem of producing an arbitrarily defined level of commercial sterility in an undefined medium with a mixed population. Commercial sterility can mean anywhere from 10 8 to 10 ia organism/g. depending on the product and type of contamination. Systematic data which would give the detailed shape of the survival curve in the region of commercial interests are nonexistent. The results of a number of experiments in which workers claimed to have achieved sterility are tabulated in Table VII. In nearly all cases insufficient data were obtained to allow a satisfactory statistical evaluation. Furthermore, differences and confusion in the dosimetry make the data rather approximate.

Yeasts and Bacteria. One of the purposes of adding S02 is to inactivate bacteria and wild yeast so that the fermentation may be conducted with a chosen desirable strain of yeasts. Fortunately the wild yeast and the bacteria on grape berries (frequently confused in the older literature with the wax-like bloom which is naturally present on some berries) are susceptible to inactivation by relatively low doses of S02. A clear field is thus available to the large inoculum of S02-tolerant pure culture yeast added by the enologist. 

So much gene transfer between organisms has occurred that it is difficult to establish the earliest parts of a phylogenetic tree of the type shown in Fig. 1-5. Another factor that confuses our study of bacteria is that less than 1% of all living microorganisms have been grown in pure cultures.355 356... 

Previously, both in our laboratory and elsewhere, cellulases subjected to purification procedures were obtained from commercial sources (5,6, 8,9,10,13,39,46). Three cellobiases and several endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases from commercial preparations were purified in our laboratory. While use of protease inhibitors in the fractionation procedures minimized proteolysis during enzyme purification, the existence of enzymes proteolytically modified, presumedly during prolonged fermentation (required for obtaining high titres for commercial production), was a source of confusion, as previously explained. Therefore, we prepared T. reesei cellulase harvested from young culture broth. This was used to carry out the enzyme purification procedures described below. 

A 70-year-old woman with a 2-year history of primary biliary cirrhosis confirmed by histological and immunological criteria took colestyramine sachets twice daily for 2 months and developed lethargy, confusion, and drowsiness (3). She had signs of chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy. Laboratory investigations confirmed a metabolic acidosis (pH 7.15) and hyperchloremia. Multiple cultures failed to reveal sepsis, and a urinary pH of 4.85 together with tests of renal acidification excluded renal tubular acidosis. No other cause was found and she responded to 600 mmol of sodium bicarbonate intravenously over 36 hours. 

---