Blood leukocytes

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans, comprising about two thirds of peripheral blood leukocytes. Upon tissue injury, they rapidly infiltrate injury sites and play an important role in innate immune responses. In addition, they also contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses by producing an array of cytokines and chemokines. Tissue infiltration of neutrophils is initiated by signals generated by the interaction between chemoattractants produced at sites of injury and their corresponding cell surface receptors. Classical chemoattractants, such as C5a, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-... 

Chuntharapai A, Lee J, Hebert CA, Kim KJ. Monoclonal antibodies detect different distribution patterns of IL-8 receptor A and IL-8 receptor B on human peripheral blood leukocytes. J Immunol 1994 153(12) 5682-5688. 

Chernoff, D. N., et al. (1997). Quantification of cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes by a branched-DNA signal amplification assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35,2740-2744. 

Jiwa, N. M., etal. (1989). Rapid detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes of viremic transplant recipients by the polymerase chain reaction. Transplantation 48,... 

Van der Bij, W., et al. (1988). Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by monoclonal antibody staining of blood leukocytes. J. Med. Virol. 25, 179-188. 

Thus, the mechanism of MT antioxidant activity might be connected with the possible antioxidant effect of zinc. Zinc is a nontransition metal and therefore, its participation in redox processes is not really expected. The simplest mechanism of zinc antioxidant activity is the competition with transition metal ions capable of initiating free radical-mediated processes. For example, it has recently been shown [342] that zinc inhibited copper- and iron-initiated liposomal peroxidation but had no effect on peroxidative processes initiated by free radicals and peroxynitrite. These findings contradict the earlier results obtained by Coassin et al. [343] who found no inhibitory effects of zinc on microsomal lipid peroxidation in contrast to the inhibitory effects of manganese and cobalt. Yeomans et al. [344] showed that the zinc-histidine complex is able to inhibit copper-induced LDL oxidation, but the antioxidant effect of this complex obviously depended on histidine and not zinc because zinc sulfate was ineffective. We proposed another mode of possible antioxidant effect of zinc [345], It has been found that Zn and Mg aspartates inhibited oxygen radical production by xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, and human blood leukocytes. The antioxidant effect of these salts supposedly was a consequence of the acceleration of spontaneous superoxide dismutation due to increasing medium acidity. 

Beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas isolated blood leukocytes and splenocytes exposure to various concentrations of PCBs 138, 153, 169, or 180 for 48 h... 

Horton JE, Raisz LG, Simmons HA, Oppenheim JJ, Mergenhagen SE (1972) Bone resorbing activity in supernatant fluid from cultured human peripheral blood leukocytes. Science 177 793-795... 

Weaver, J.L. et al., Serial phenotypic analysis of mouse peripheral blood leukocytes, Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 12, 95, 2002. 

De Guise, S. et al., Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) Evaluation of phagocytosis and respiratory burst with peripheral blood leukocytes using flow cytometry, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 47, 351, 1995. 

Pillet, S. et al., Presence and regulation of metallothioneins in peripheral blood leukocytes of grey seals, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 185, 207, 2002. 

Pillet, S. et al., In vitro exposure of seal peripheral blood leukocytes to different metals reveal a sex-dependent effect of zinc on phagocytic activity, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40,921,2000. 

Tomei, L.D. et al., Psychological stress and phorbol ester inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood leukocytes, Psychiat. Res., 33, 59, 1990. 

Roth, M.D. et al., Cocaine enhances human immunodeficiency virus replication in a model of severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes, J. Infect. Dis., 185, 701, 2002. 

FIGURE 7.6 Detection of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) of ZAP70 in CD4+ and CD4- human peripheral blood leukocytes (HPBL) following stimulation with H2Or For description, see page. 110. 

Pierkes M, Bellinghausen I, Hultsch T, Metz G, Knop J, Saloga J Decreased release of histamine and sulfi-doleukotrienes by human peripheral blood leukocytes after wasp venom immunotherapy is partially due to induction of IL-10 and IFN- production of T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 103 326-332. 

Figure 3 Time response of CD14+ monocytes, expressed as percentage of total blood leukocytes, in LC-treated and control balloon-injured rabbits and control. Abbreviations. WBC, white blood cells LC, liposomal clodronate. Source From Ref. 52.

Figueroa, D. J., Breyer, R. M., Defoe, S. K., et al. (2001) Expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheral blood leukocytes. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 163, 226-233. 

Anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro and in vivo was also found in wogonin and baicalein (Fig. 4), the major active constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria radix.More recently, Blach-Olszewska et al investigated the effect of baicalein and wogonin on two important mechanisms of innate immunity The secretion of cytokines, and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. The results obtained indicate that these fiavonoids modulate cytokine production, that is they inhibit interferons-a and -y, and stimulate tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin production. They also augment the resistance of peripheral blood leukocytes to the vesicular stomatitis virus. 

Its growth and differentiation-inducing effects on early haematopoietic progenitor cells forms the basis of clinical interest in IL-3. Its administration to healthy patients results in increased blood leukocyte counts, although the concentration of all white blood cell types is not equally increased. 

Clinical improvement, especially the disappearance of fever or defervescence, is the best parameter to judge the response to therapy. However, clinical improvement can be difficult to monitor objectively in critically ill patients with multi-system disease. Also, clinical improvement can be very slow for certain infections, e.g. tuberculosis. The peripheral blood leukocyte count including the presence of early stages in leucocyte differention and the level of serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP, an acute phase protein) are parameters that can be sequentially determined to monitor improvement. For monitoring the effect of treatment of chronic infections such as endocarditis or osteomyelitis, weekly determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate has been proven useful. 

FU (12.5 mg/kg twice daily) plus chitosan (150, 375 and 750 mg/kg twice daily) inhibited the tumor growth as well as 5-FU alone. Chitosan (150 and 750 mg/kg twice daily) blocked the reduction of blood leukocyte number caused by 5-FU administration, and it prevented the injury of the small intestinal mucosa membrane and delayed the onset of diarrhea induced by 5-FU Fig. (1), Fig. (2) and Fig. (3) . Furthermore, chitosan (750 mg/kg twice daily) prevented the reduction of spleen weight induced by 5-FU in sarcoma 180-bearing mice Fig. (4) , and the reduction of lymphocyte, CD8+ and NK1.1.+ T cell numbers induced by 5-FU Fig. (5) . 

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