75 C-reactive protein

Acute phase reactants (e.g., C-reactive protein) are proteins that increase during inflammation and are deposited in damaged tissues. They were first discovered in the serum, but are now known to be involved in inflammatory processes in the brain (e.g., found in the brain of Alzheimer patients and associated with amyloid plaques). 

The wide range of inflammation-related factors that adipocytes secrete is linked to the inflammatory response that the tissue exhibits in obesity [1]. Obesity in general, like an increasing number of other diseases, is characterised by a state of mild chronic inflammation, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this. The production of most inflammation-related adipokines increases markedly in obesity and there is an elevated circulating level of a number of these factors as well as of other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The increased production of inflammatory adipokines (and decreased production of adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory action) in the obese is considered to play a critical role in the development of the obesity-associated pathologies, particularly type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. 

Abbtvviations apoC-lll, apolipoprotein C-lll apoA-l, apolipoprotein A-l apoA-ll, apolipoprotein A-ll CRP, C-reactive protein VLDL, very low density lipoprotein TG, triglycerides LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. 

Butyrophenones Butyrylcholinesterase C2 Domain C Kinase C-reactive Protein Ca2+-ATPase Ca2+-binding Proteins Ca2+ Channel Ca2+ Channel Antagonists Ca2+ Channel Blockers... 

These proteins are called acute phase proteins (or reactants) and include C-reactive protein (CRP, so-named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci), ai-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, aj-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen. The elevations of the levels of these proteins vary from as little as 50% to as much as 1000-fold in the case of CRP. Their levels are also usually elevated during chronic inflammatory states and in patients with cancer. These proteins are believed to play a role in the body s response to inflammation. For example, C-reactive protein can stimulate the classic complement pathway, and ai-antitrypsin can neutralize certain proteases released during the acute inflammatory state. CRP is used as a marker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation, and there is considerable interest in its use as a predictor of certain types of cardiovascular conditions secondary to atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide released from mononuclear phagocytic cells, is the principal—but not the sole—stimulator of the synthesis of the majority of acute phase reactants by hepatocytes. Additional molecules such as IL-6 are involved, and they as well as IL-1 appear to work at the level of gene transcription. 

Acute phase response proteins (eg, C-reactive protein, a,-acid glycoprotein [orosomucoid])... 

Prevent or inhibit inflammation by lowering C-reactive protein and other inflammatory mediators thought to be involved in atherosclerosis. 

In addition to the five major risks, the ATP III guidelines recognize other factors that contribute to CHD risk. These are classified as life-habit risk factors and emerging risk factors. Life-habit risk factors, consisting of obesity, physical inactivity, and an atherogenic diet, require direct intervention. For example, emerging risk factors are lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, prothrombotic/proinflammatory factors, and C-reactive protein (CRP). C-reactive protein is a marker of low-level inflammation and appears to help in... 

Poor sleep architecture and fragmented sleep secondary to OSA can cause excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and neu-rocognitive deficits. These sequelae can affect quality of life and work performance and may be linked to occupational and motor vehicle accidents. OSA is also associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke.21-23 OSA is likely an independent risk factor for the development of hypertension.24 Further, when hypertension is present, it is often resistant to antihypertensive therapy. Fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events are two- to threefold higher in male patients with severe OSA.25 OSA is associated with or aggravates biomarkers for cardiovascular disease, including C-reactive protein and leptin.26,27 Patients with sleep apnea often are obese and maybe predisposed to weight gain. Hence, obesity may further contribute to cardiovascular disease in this patient population. 

Half of all deaths in RA patients are cardiovascular-related.11 Because a patient with RA experiences inflammation and swelling in his or her joints, it is likely that there is inflammation elsewhere, such as in the blood vessels, termed vasculitis. C-reactive protein (CRP), a nonspecific marker of inflammation, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease CRP is elevated in patients with RA. Chronic systemic inflammation may contribute to the relationship between RA and cardiovascular disease, but the exact mechanism is still under investigation.11,12... 

Nonspecific findings such as thrombocytopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein, and abnormal urinalysis (i.e., proteinuria or microscopic hematuria)... 

High creatinine, urea, LDH, C-reactive protein, and calcium... 

C-reactive protein Less than 0.8 mg/dL 10 Less than 8 mg/L... 

C-reactive protein A nonspecific inflammatory marker that may be elevated in osteomyelitis as well as other infections and inflammatory diseases represents a specific protein produced by the liver during times of inflammation. 

K16. Kragsbjerg, P Holmberg, H and Vikerfors, T., Serum concentration of interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-a, and C-reactive protein in patients undergoing major operations. Eur. J. Surg. 161, 17-22 (1995). 

Seddon, JM, Gensler, G, Milton, RC, Klein, ML, and Rifai, N, 2004. Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. J Am Med Assoc 291, 704-710. 

Swanson, S.J., Lin, B.-F., Mullenix, M.C., and Mortensen, R.F. (1991) A synthetic peptide corresponding to the phosphorylcholine (PC)-binding region of human C-reactive protein possesses the TEPC-15 myeloma PC-idiotype. J. Immunol. 146, 1596-1601. 

The concept is demonstrated for a simultaneous immunoassay of (32-microglobulin, IgG, bovine serum albumin, and C-reactive protein in connection with ZnS, CdS, PbS, and CuS colloidal crystals, respectively (Fig. 14.6). These nanocrystal labels exhibit similar sensitivity. Such electrochemical coding could be readily multiplexed and scaled up in multiwell microtiter plates to allow simultaneous parallel detection of numerous proteins or samples and is expected to open new opportunities for protein diagnostics and biosecurity. 

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