Determination sequential

There may be reasons why individual activities cannot be located near to those which are adjacent in the determined sequential list, so design criteria are needed to determine which activities are compatible and can be near, and which are incompatible and cannot. 

Ordination axes are determined sequentially. The first axis is calculated to account for the most prominent variance in the samples or species subsequent axes are calculated to account for variability not explained by the earlier axes. It is useful to visualize the distribution of samples or species as a function of their scores on the two or three most significant axes (as represented by their eigenvalues and testable by permutation tests). Plots of one ordination axis versus another (called bivariate plots or biplots) can be used to examine patterns of similarity and difference among species and samples. 

Multielement determination (sequential or simultaneous) faster analysis time minimal chemical interaction detection limits and sensitivity fall in between that of flame and graphite furnace measurements. 

Many authors [15, 21, 25, 28, 29, 31, 81, 82, 106-108, 111, 114, 119, 123, 126—129, 131, 137, 141, 142, 147, 153] have reported studies on the analysis of common acid solutions of different steels where one to a maximum of six elements are determined sequentially from one sample weighing. Elements commonly analysed include Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Ti, V and W. There has also been no lack of effort to determine elements such as As [54, 101, 142] that are difficult to analyse using atomic absorption. Efforts to produce standard methods have also been described [5, 56]. The closest to a universal method is the description of the... 

The diffusion equations and the corresponding boundary conditions satisfied at each order of perturbation by the different cfs can be obtained by substituting the above expansion (31) into Eqs. (26)-(28), Subsequently, the solution at each order of the series can be determined sequentially based on the solutions at the preceding orders. 

The sequence of an amino acid in a protein is determined sequentially from the N-terminus. The N-terminus amino acid is identified by the Edman degradation reaction developed at Rockefeller University and later automated in Melbourne, Australia, by Edman and his collaborators (1950, 1967). 

Elements determined sequentially No. of elements Range of techniques utilized Total analysis time , min... 

It has previously been shown for PS, poly (vinyl acetate), and atatic polypropylene that the shift factor of the terminal relaxation or the viscosity aT,n has a weaker temperature dependence than do the softening dispersion ar.s (Fig. 2.11) and the local segmental relaxation ar,a (Figs. 2.19 and 2.20). Therefore, in practice the shift factors ut used to obtain master curves for polymers by time-temperature superposition are actually combinations of the individual shift factors of the several different viscoelastic mechanisms. At low temperatures, aj is principally determined by the shift factor of the local segmental mode aT,a- With increasing temperature, aj is principally determined sequentially by the shift factors of the sub-Rouse modes, r,sR. the Rouse modes, modes in the rubbery plateau, and, finally, the terminal modes, aT,r,- Hence, it is not correct to assume that aj describes the temperature dependence of any or all of the viscoelastic mechanisms in a polymer. 

ICP-OES is commercially available as either a scanning instrument (elements determined sequentially) or a fixed-channel instrument (elements determined simultaneously). The simultaneous design is usually faster, but both systems offer exceptional sample throughput capability and can determine up to 20-30 elements in a few minutes. However, when determination of only a few elements are required, ICP probably isn t the best technique because of the relatively long read delay times of60-90 s required to wash-out/wash-in a sample and wait for the signal to reach equilibrium. 

The activity of ion transport systems, such as sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, has been studied In vivo by the use of rubidium-87 MRS. This has been possible because rubidium has been shown to substitute for potassium in a number of transmembrane transport systems, accumulating in the intracellular space. Standard in vitro methods of determining Na+/K+-ATPase activity, which also use rubidium, give highly variable measurements and in some cases contradictory results. Many of these problems appear to have been overcome by the use of in vivo Rb MRS, especially when sequential measurements are required. In a longitudinal study of spontaneously hypertensive rats, Rb MRS showed that skeletal muscle rubidium rose at a faster rate in hypertensive rats than in control animals, which is consistent with a marked increase in Na+/K+-ATPase activity. This type of experiment emphasizes the value of in vivo MRS since rubidium kinetics can be determined sequentially on the same animal, minimizing inter/intra-subject variability as well as the number of animals required in the study. 

The chemical nature of coenzymes has been established for a much longer time than that of the enzymes themselves. The explanation is that all enzymes are proteins and, as indicated before, the methods for their structural determination (sequential analysis) have been developed only very recently. Coenzymes, on the other hand, are low molecular weight compounds which can be studied by the methods of organic chemistry. 

Once the controller structure is determined, sequential relay-feedback tests are performed to find the PI controller settings shown in Table 13.5. Similar to the settings for temperature control (Table 13.2), we have large reset times associated with the feed ratio and much smaller reset times for the heat input. Again, the control systems are designed in a systematic manner with minimal complexity in the design steps, identification, tuning, and controller types. 

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