Phenotypic analyses

Verkman AS (2005) Novel roles of aquaporins revealed by phenotype analysis of knockout mice. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 155 31—55... 

Mammano F, Petit C, Clavel F (1998) Resistance-associated loss of viral fitness in human immunodeficiency vims type 1 phenotypic analysis of protease and gag coevolution in protease inhibitor-treated patients. J Virol 72 7632-7637... 

Bernstein, PS, Leppert, M, Singh, N, Dean, M, Lewis, RA, Lupski, JR, Allikmets, R, and Seddon, JM, 2002a. Genotype-phenotype analysis of ABCR variants in macular degeneration probands and siblings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43, 466 173. 

Spire-Vayron de la Moureyre C, De-buysere H, Mastain B et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of the polymorphic thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene (TPMT) in a European population. Br J Pharmacol 1998 125 879-887. 

Weaver, J.L. et al., Serial phenotypic analysis of mouse peripheral blood leukocytes, Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 12, 95, 2002. 

While changes in cell phenotypes have proved useful in some settings to characterize the immunotoxicity of xenobiotics,1 phenotypic analysis alone is often not a sensitive indicator of low dose immunotoxicity for many agents that alter immune function. Xenobiotics that exert selective toxicity on lymphoid and myeloid cells may be discovered through immunophenotypic analysis. However, most agents produce immunotoxicity at doses much lower than those required to produce cytotoxicity or interfere with primary lymphoid organ differentiation. Some of the most potent immunosuppressive chemicals that have been tested, such as cyclosporine A, do not alter immunophenotype at doses that are immunosuppressive. On the other hand, when phenotyping is linked to assessment of functional parameters of the cells, immunotoxic effects are more likely to be identified. 

Cacabelos, R. (2004) Genomic characterization of Alzheimer s disease and genotype-related phenotypic analysis of biological markers in dementia. Pharmacogenomics, 5, 1049-1105. 

Trevisan M, Iscove NN. Phenotypic analysis of mnrine long-term hemopoietic reconstituting cells quantitated competitively in vivo and comparison with more advanced colony-forming progeny. J Exp Med. 1995 181 93-103. 

Muller MB, Zimmermann S, SiUaber I, Hagemeyer TP, Deussing JM, Timpl P, et al (2003) Limbic corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mediates anxiety-related behaviour and is required for hormonal adaptation to stress. Nat Neimosci 6 1100-1107 MuUer U (1999) Ten years of gene targeting targeted mouse mutants, from vector design to phenotype analysis. Mech Dev 82 3-21... 

Novel roles of aquaporins revealed by phenotype analysis of knockout mice... 

Holmes A, Lachowicz JE, Sibley DR Phenotypic analysis of dopamine receptor knockout mice recent insights into the functional specificity of dopamine receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacology 2004 47 1117. [PMID 15567422]... 

Living arrays Yeast colonies expressing GAL4 fusion proteins Yeast colonies with transposon disruptions protein—protein and protein—DNA/RNA interactions phenotype analysis... 

Also, Schmidt et al. (2005) found a significant increase in root hair density by working with Arabidopsis thaliana, which were treated with water extractable humic substances (WEHS), suggesting that these substances induce a nutrient acquisition response that favors the uptake of nutrients via an increase in the absorptive surface area. Furthermore, a phenotypical analysis of an array of mutants harbouring defects in root epidermal patterning revealed that root hair density of the ttg and gl2 mutants, defective in cell specification, was significantly modified, indicating an effect at/or downstream of the determination of the cells. 

N13. Norton, A. J., and Isaacson, P. G., Detailed phenotypic analysis of B-cell lymphoma using a panel of antibodies reactive in routinely fixed wax-embedded tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 128,225-240 (1987). 

DD Shoemaker, DA Lashkari, D Morris, M Mittmann, RW Davis. Quantitative phenotypic analysis of yeast deletion mutants using a highly parallel molecular barcoding strategy. Nature Genet 14 450-456, 1996. 

Oughton JA, Pereira CB, DeKrey GK, et al. 1995. Phenotypic analysis of spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood cells in aged C57BL/6 mice following long-term exposure to... 

Cellular analysis will depend on cell source, with higher risk cell sources requiring more extensive in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo analysis. Genetic stability and cell phenotypic analysis are also focus areas in preclinical studies, since they provide evidence of appropriate regeneration and function of the cellular component in the neo-organ product. 

Goh G. 2005. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. Thromb. Haemost. 94, 728-737. 

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