Psychological stress

The sympathetic or adrenergic nervous system operates in juxtaposition to the parasympathetic nervous system to maintain homeostasis in response to physical activity and physical or psychological stress. Sympathomimetic neurotransmission is generally mediated by norepinephrine [51-41 -2] (1), CgH NO, released from presynaptic storage granules upon stimulation. A second endogenous sympathomimetic agent, epinephrine [51-43-4] (2),... 

Whilst the causative agent(s) have not been established it is thought to be multifunctional and possibilities include physical factors (humidity, temperature, lighting), static electricity, electromagnetic radiation, air ion concentrations, fungi, noise, psychological stress, and chemicals. Chemicals which are not those involved in the normal work processes can become trapped within the building, albeit at concentrations below those known to cause ill-health effects, if ... 

Berkim, M. M. (1964). Performance Decrement Under Psychological Stress. Human Factors 6,21-30. 

Until the discovery of HP, psychological stress was considered one of the primary causes of PUD. Although psychosocial factors such as life stress, baseline personality patterns, and depression may influence PUD prevalence, a clear causal relationship has not been demonstrated. 

Encourage lifestyle modifications such as reducing tobacco use and ethanol ingestion and decreasing psychological stress. 

Myers, H. F., Shapiro, D., McClure, F., Daims, R., Impact of caffeine and psychological stress on blood pressure in Black and White men. Special Issue Race, reactivity, and blood pressure regulation. Health Psychology 8(5), 597-612, 1989. 

Antispasmodic. Easing muscle cramps as well as psychological stress, elder tea has been used for headache, eyelid twitching, palsy, epilepsy, stroke, paralysis and the spasms that accompany asthma. Affected body parts can also be rubbed with elder flower infusions. Parts used flowers, berries. 

Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Kaku A, Kanno M, Tahara K, Yoshioka M. Cortical GABAergic regulation of dopaminergic responses to psychological stress in the rat dorsolateral striatum. Synaps 2005 56 117-121. 

Cortisol is an important component of the body s response to physical and psychological stress. Nervous signals regarding stress are transmitted to the hypothalamus and the release of CRH is stimulated. The resulting increase in cortisol increases levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and amino acids in the blood, providing the metabolic fuels that enable the individual to cope with the stress. A potent inhibitor of this system is cortisol itself. This hormone exerts a negative-feedback effect on the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis and inhibits the secretion of CRH and ACTH, respectively. 

Patients with PUD should eliminate or reduce psychological stress, cigarette smoking, andtheuseofnonselectiveNSAIDs (including aspirin). Ifpossible, alternative agents such as acetaminophen, a nonacetylated salicylate (e.g., salsalate), or a COX-2 selective inhibitor should be used for pain relief. 

Biondi, M. and Zannino, L.G., Psychological stress, neuroimmunomodulation, and susceptibility to infectious diseases in animals and man A review, Psychother. Psychosom., 66, 3, 1997. 

Cohen, S., Psychological stress and susceptibility to upper respiratory infections, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 152, S53,1995. 

Psychological stress may influence the immune system by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM). The well-described innervation of primary and secondary lymphoid tissues by the autonomic nervous system also has been implicated in stress-related modulation of the immune response. These pathways operate by producing biological mediators that interact with and affect cellular components of the immune system.13... 

In spite of this, only social reorganization stress reactivated the latent virus. This study further supports the hypothesis that psychological stress is capable of reactivating latent herpesviruses, and shows that not all stressors produce the same health outcomes, implying that there are differences in physiological pathways associated with different types of stressors. 

Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., and Skoner, D.R, Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness, Psychosomat. Med., 61, 175, 1999. 

Cohen, S., Miller, G., and Rabin, B., Psychological stress and antibody response to immunization A critical review of the human literature, Psychosomat. Med., 63, 7-18, 2001. 

Jabaaij, L. et al., Influence of perceived psychological stress and distress on antibody response to low dose rDNA hepatitis B vaccine, J. Psychomat. Res., 37, 361, 1993. 

Miller, G.E. et al., Psychological stress and antibody response to influenza vaccination When is the critical period for stress, and how does it get inside the body Psychosomat. Med., 66 215, 2004. 

Tomei, L.D. et al., Psychological stress and phorbol ester inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood leukocytes, Psychiat. Res., 33, 59, 1990. 

Miller, G.E., Cohen, S., and Ritchey, A.K., Chronic psychological stress and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines A glucocorticoid-resistance model, Health Psychol. 21, 531,2002. 

Nguyen TT, Matsumoto K, Yamasaki K, Nguyen MD, Nguyen TN, Watanabe H. (1995). Crude saponin extracted from Vietnamese ginseng and its major constituent majonoside-R2 attenuate the psychological stress- and foot-shock stress-induced anti nociception in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 52(2) 427-32. 

In addition to this, there is the level of worker stress. While that is psychological, that stress is real, and there is an awareness of the constant danger, and the potential for accidents. There is a continual low level awareness of what the worker is exposed to and the potential for disaster, even in the safe areas. Extended worker vacation is often necessary if only to relieve psychological stress. 

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