Grey seal

Teigen SW, Andersen RA, Daae HL, Skaare JU. 1999. Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels some metal-binding characteristics of this protein. Environ Toxicol Chem 18 2364-2369. 

Anderson SS, Livens FR, Singleton DL. 1990. Radionuclides in grey seals. Mar Pollut Bull 21(7) 343-345. 

Norway winter 1989-90 Arctic coast maximum values Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus ... 

Jenssen, B.M., J.U. Skaare, M. Ekker, D. Vongraven, and S.H. Lorentsen. 1996. Organochlorine compounds in blubber, liver and brain in neonatal grey seal pups. Chemosphere 32 2115-2125. 

Northern hemisphere 1983-87 blubber 2,3,7,8-TCDD vs. 1,2,3,7,8-penta-CDD Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus 3-7 LW vs. 9-15 LW 32... 

When compared to other cetaceans, PCB residues in blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea showed a measurable sexual difference. PCB concentrations were lower in older female porpoises possibly due to lactational transfer to their calves, while in males the PCB concentrations were positively correlated with increasing age (Tanabe et al. 1997). In stellar sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), the transfer rate of PCBs through lactation was estimated at 80% of the total body PCB burden of adult females (Lee et al. 1996). PCB concentrations in liver of the stellar sea lion from the Bering Sea increased with increasing age and correlated positively with those of blubber (Lee et al. 1996). In ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Russian Arctic, lactational transfer of PCBs was estimated at 25% of whole-body burden in the mature female (Nakata et al. 1998), or about one third that of stellar sea lions. In grey seals (Halichoerus... 

Addison, R.F. and P.F. Brodie. 1987. Transfer of organochlorine residues from blubber through the circulatory system to milk in the lactating grey seal Halichoerus grypus. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 782-786. 

Green, N.J.L., K.C. Jones, and J. Harwood. 1996. Contribution of coplanar and non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls to the toxic equivalence of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) milk. Chemosphere 33 1273-1281. 

The virus-associated mass mortalities that took place among marine mammals in the 1980s and 1990s elicited an interest in co-factors that may have contributed to the severity of these events. The deaths of 20,000 harbor and several hundred grey seals in northern Europe in 1988 prompted questions about climate change, algal blooms, environmental pollutants, exotic diseases and other perceived stressors [54], After the identification of a newly described virus, phocine distemper virus (PDV) [55], concern still lingered that immunotoxic environmental contaminants could have facilitated the outbreak. 

Carter, S.D. et ah, Immune responses in common and grey seals during the seal epizootic, Sci. Total Environ., 115, 83, 1992. 

King, D.P. et al., Identification and partial characterization of common seal (Phoca vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) interleukin-6- like activities, Develop. Comp. Immunol., 17, 449, 1993. 

Pillet, S. et al., Presence and regulation of metallothioneins in peripheral blood leukocytes of grey seals, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 185, 207, 2002. 

St-Laurent, G., Beliveau, C., and Archambault, D., Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) interleukin 2, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 67, 385, 1999. 

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