Chemistry hydrocarbons

The fluids contained within petroleum accumulations are mixtures of organic compounds, which are mostly hydrocarbons (molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms), but may also include sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal compounds. This section will concentrate on the hydrocarbons, but will explain the significance of the other compounds in the processing of the fluids. 

The various arrangements of carbon atoms can be categorised into senes , which describe a common molecular structure. The series are based on four main categories which refer to 

The largest series is that of the alkanes or paraffins, which are open chain molecules with saturated bonds, and have the general formula C H2n+2- 

Under standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP), the first four members of the alkane series (methane, ethane, propane, and butane) are gases. As length of the carbon increases the density of the compound increases (pentane) to C yHgg are liquids, and from C.,gH3g, the compounds exist as wax-like solids at STP. 

The most common prefixes are written below using the alkane series as an example, and the prefixes are highlighted  

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The facilities for experimental work were poor, with inadequate wet laboratory space. In our discussions, I mentioned to Kaprielian my interest in significantly extending my previous work into the area of hydrocarbon chemistry. I felt that by establishing a strong program of basic research and graduate education in hydrocarbon chemistry, USC could become a leader in this important field. Because the memory of the first Arab oil embargo was still fresh, this struck a chord with Kaprielian, who felt that he could sell my research interest to the trustees and establish a Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC that could accommodate me, as well as other chemistry faculty members whose interests could fit into its framework. 

To pursue the long-range development of hydrocarbon chemistry... 

To act as an international center of hydrocarbon chemistry and to facilitate exchange of information and ideas through visits of scientists, col-loquia, and research symposia... 

A fundamental difference exists between conventional acid-catalyzed and superacidic hydrocarbon chemistry. In the former, trivalent car-benium ions are always in equilibrium with olefins, which play the key role, whereas in the latter, hydrocarbon transformation can take place without the involvement of olefins through the intermediacy of five-coordinate carbocations. 

Perfluocoalkyl groups thermodynamically destabilize double bonds and small rings, but they can kineiically stabilize highly stramed molecules [75]. This remarkable perfluoroalkyl effect has made possible the isolation of stmctures that are uncommon m hydrocarbon chemistry, especially valence-bond isomers of aromatics and heteroaromatics such as 1, 2, and 3 [108],... 

Unsaturated fluorocarbons are much more reactive toward nucleophiles than then hydrocarbon counterparts owing to fluorme s ability to both stabihze carban ions and mductively increase the electrophihcity of multiple bonds and aromatic nngs Nucleophihc attack dominates the chemistry of unsaturated fluorocarbons, and the role of fluonde ion in fluorocarbon chemistry is analogous to that of the proton in hydrocarbon chemistry [129] Like the related electrophilic reactions for hydrocarbons, there are fluonde-promoted isomenzations and dimenzations (equation 9), oligomenzations (equation 10), additions (equation 11), and amomc Fnedel-Crafts alkylations (equation 12) that all proceed via carbamomc intermediates [729 7 7]... 

Olah, G. A., and Molnar, A. (1995) Hydrocarbon Chemistry. New York John Wiley. 

The metathesis reaction of alkenes constitutes a major development in the field of hydrocarbon chemistry in recent years. The first examples of the heterogeneously and the homogeneously catalyzed metathesis of linear alkenes have been published by Banks and Bailey (I) and Calderon et al. (2), respectively. By this reaction, linear alkenes are converted with high selectivity into equimolar amounts of two new alkenes, according to ... 

Harvey R. G. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Carcinogenesis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991. 

Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,... 

Thereafter the interest of many synthetic and physical organic chemists was aroused in a search for a novel aromatic system in the field of hydrocarbon chemistry. 

Considering the long saga of hydrocarbon chemistry, it is surprising that two new classes of hydrocarbon - ionically dissociative hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon salts - have been discovered in the last decade. The syntheses of authentic samples as analytically pure solids have revealed the very existence of such novel hydrocarbons in an unquestionable way, but the investigation of their basic features is just in the inchoate stage. The search for such novel hydrocarbons depends primarily on the synthesis and examination of highly stabilized hydrocarbon cations and anions. As mentioned above, until now such elaboration has been concentrated on the carbocation side, and examination of the carbanion moiety has only just started. 

Toshikazu Kitagawa Division of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan... 

Z. Kafka and L. Vodicka, Collec. Czechoslovak Chem. Commun. 55(8), 2043-2045 (1990). See also H. Hopf, Classics in Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Syntheses, Concepts, Perspective, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co, Berlin, 2000. 

G.A. Olah and A. Molnar, Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1995. 

To illustrate the high molecular symmetry of these compounds, the molecular structure of cage 85 178) is depicted in Fig. 19 32). The skeleton of S can be derived from an Sn4N4 cube enlarged at one edge by the sequence Si—N the analog in hydrocarbon chemistry is the so-called basketane . For further discussions of the synthesis and the structural and physical properties of these compounds the reader is referred to a review article published recently 10). 

LaVoie, E. Tulley, L. Bedenko, V. Hoffmann, D. In "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects" Bjorseth, A. Dennis, A.J., Eds. Battelle Columbus, Ohio, 1979 p. 1041. 

Newman, M.S. In "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry, Metabolism and Carcinogenesis" Freudenthal, R. Jones, P.W., Eds. Raven Press New York, 1976, pp. 203-7. 

M. LeBreton, P. R. in "Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry, Characterization and... 

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