Wide field

In the wide field of applications, a visibility level VL = 3 - 60 is recommended. For our recognition task, we are obliged to take into account that our random conditions are far from the experimental conditions of the basic researches (Young test person with a high visus under ideal environmental conditions) [4]. Furthermore in our case we have a more difficult visual searching task. Parameter variations as the increase of presentation time from 0,2 to 1.0 s. and the detection propability from 50% to 100% are taken into account [5] In spite of the gliding variations of the parameters as well as the visibility level, for simplification let us assume VL = 10 as minimum requirement. 

The performances of ultrasound generated and detected by lasers offer a wide field of applications in industry, so that we will pursue research for the testing of very small strucmres which could only be examined by a contactless technique. 

Furthermore, QSPR models for the prediction of free-energy based properties that are based on multilinear regression analysis are often referred to as LFER models, especially, in the wide field of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). 

Dielectric dryers have not as yet found a wide field of application. Their fundamental characteristic of generating heat within the solid indicates potentialities for diying massive geometrical objects such as wood, sponge-rubber shapes, and ceramics. Power costs may range to 10 times the fuel costs of conventional methods. 

In the wide field of industrial ventilation many factors require measurements to be carried out. One of the most common is the commissioning of a new or a renovated ventilation system. In this case the client has to see that the system works according to the specifications made with the consulting engineer, manufacturer, and contractor. Many other situations require quantitative information on ventilation and related systems, like... 

Fire is the major insurable risk to property on land. Each industry, trade or manufacturing process has its own fire problems. There are, in addition, causes of fire which are found in all occupancies (e.g. arson, smoking, and misuse of electricity). With such a wide field, it is only possible to touch lightly on the many important aspects of the subject. 

Introductory Remarks.—Up to this point in this chapter we have given a brief survey of the wide field of nearly linear phenomena. If the condition of the near linearity is waived, the theory of Poincar6 does not apply, and the preceding methods cease to hold. The most... 

Phosphorus-containing surfactants are amphiphilic molecules, exhibiting the same surface-active properties as other surfactants. That means that they reduce the surface tension of water and aqueous solutions, are adsorbed at interfaces, form foam, and are able to build micelles in the bulk phase. On account of the many possibilities for alteration of molecular structure, the surface-active properties of phosphorus-containing surfactants cover a wide field of effects. Of main interest are those properties which can only be realized with difficulty or in some cases not at all by other surfactants. Often even quantitative differences are highly useful. 

The term Cationic Polymerization covers a wide field of polymerization processes which are characterized by the propagation of the polymer via cationic chain end according to Eq. (1). 

The most important approximations of the HMO method are, the consideration of only the it-electrons, the neglect of the interaction between them and the neglect of all atom-atom-interactions, if the atoms are not neighbouring. Contrary to the other methods, the molecular geometry does not play a role in the HMO method because only the topologic connection of the atoms in the molecule is considered. In spite of these drastic approximations, the HMO method proved its worth as the first semiempirical procedure with a wide field of applications as well as in the theoretical interpretation of many chemical phenomenons. The method was broadly used in the field of cationic polymerizations in the 60-70 years too (see 2)). 

The purpose of multiobject spectroscopy (MOS) is to obtain spectra of many objects within a wide field of view. Modem spectrographs have fields of 5-200 arcmin wifhin which several fens to hundreds of objects may be observed simultaneously. With microslit techniques, the multiplex advantage may be increased still further. The main technological options are (Fig. 13) ... 

Ruthenium-NHC complexes exhibit activity in a very wide field of applications. Due to their unique ability to break and reassemble olefin bonds under reaction conditions very favourable to design simple processes, applications in nearly any chemical discipline can be foreseen. This field may span from manufacturing of specialty polymers and rabbers to pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical intermediates, agrochemicals, fragrances, dyes, specialty chemicals for electronic applications or fine chemicals from natural feedstock and many more. Below are described Ru-NHC catalysed reactions applied from pilot to full commercial scale. 

The utilization of the vegetable gums, especially those with good filmforming properties, to suspend the solids in paints of the casein and emulsion types, still offers a wide field for experimentation and application. 

Finally, the spiro polymerization of molecules bearing two ortho-alkylphenol functions capable of forming o-QMs offers a wide field for reactivity and kinetic studies as well as multiple applications in polymer and material chemistry and science. 

Separation technique is a particularly wide field in sample pretreatment. Some essential methods of analytical determination are based on separa-... 

Characterisation covers a wide field of science and technology and interacts from the synthesis stage through the analysis of structure to the determination of properties. Characterisation allows one to observe, control and model (including "closed-loop" backward interaction) all the complex interrelationships of materials science. 

A great potential for new compounds is provided by structures with two carbon and two silicon atoms around the central silicon. These polysilanes with organic groups lead to silicon-carbide ceramics. A wide field of application would be opened up if one could make a polysilane as a plastic mass which could be extruded and modeled and if after pyrolysis silicon-carbide is formed without a strong contraction (this means a high ceramic yield). Polysilane fibers are only one product in a range of many... 

I believe these articles show that there is a general move forward over a wide field in catalysis and that in the future we may reasonably hope that the academic-industrial gap in the heterogeneous field will start to close. 

Lifetime imaging can be implemented both in wide field and in scanning microscopes such as confocal microscopes and two-photon excitation microscopes. The most common implementations in time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) are based on TCSPC [8, 9] and time-gating (TG) [2, 10],... 

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