Research interest

However, rational and logical thinking and reasoning have their brain functions that deal with inexact information after the imaginations and fundamental inspirations about the phenomenon concerned. Hence, automatically one starts to consider systems that are dynamic and numerical model free approaches for the 

Logical assessments require initial mental reasoning for the identification of similarities and differences between various scrap information, and finally, they are established in a systematic way to express the relevant conditions. Such systematic approaches lead to automation and machine intelligence of science phenomena. 

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In addition to their practical importance, colloidal suspensions have received much attention from chemists and physicists alike. This is an interesting research area in its own right, and it is an important aspect of what is referred to as soft condensed matter physics. This contribution is written from such a perspective, and although a balanced account is aimed for, it is inevitably biased by the author s research interests. References to the original literature are included, but within the scope of this contribution only a fraction of the vast amount of literature on colloidal suspensions can be mentioned. 

This rapid increase in research interests is due largely to the growth in computer technology, particularly, in software and hardware advances in multiprocessor technology. 

My teaching experience was, however, only secondary to my research interest. Through my initial research work involving reactions of fluorinated carbohydrates I became interested in Friedel-Crafts acylation and subsequently alkylation reactions with acyl or alkyl fluo-... 

The facilities for experimental work were poor, with inadequate wet laboratory space. In our discussions, I mentioned to Kaprielian my interest in significantly extending my previous work into the area of hydrocarbon chemistry. I felt that by establishing a strong program of basic research and graduate education in hydrocarbon chemistry, USC could become a leader in this important field. Because the memory of the first Arab oil embargo was still fresh, this struck a chord with Kaprielian, who felt that he could sell my research interest to the trustees and establish a Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC that could accommodate me, as well as other chemistry faculty members whose interests could fit into its framework. 

In order to maintain a definite contact area, soHd supports for the solvent membrane can be introduced (85). Those typically consist of hydrophobic polymeric films having pore sizes between 0.02 and 1 p.m. Figure 9c illustrates a hoUow fiber membrane where the feed solution flows around the fiber, the solvent—extractant phase is supported on the fiber wall, and the strip solution flows within the fiber. Supported membranes can also be used in conventional extraction where the supported phase is continuously fed and removed. This technique is known as dispersion-free solvent extraction (86,87). The level of research interest in membrane extraction is reflected by the fact that the 1990 International Solvent Extraction Conference (20) featured over 50 papers on this area, mainly as appHed to metals extraction. Pilot-scale studies of treatment of metal waste streams by Hquid membrane extraction have been reported (88). The developments in membrane technology have been reviewed (89). Despite the research interest and potential, membranes have yet to be appHed at an industrial production scale (90). 

Biopolymer Extraction. Research interests involving new techniques for separation of biochemicals from fermentation broth and cell culture media have increased as biotechnology has grown. Most separation methods are limited to small-scale appHcations but recendy solvent extraction has been studied as a potential technique for continuous and large-scale production and the use of two-phase aqueous systems has received increasing attention (259). A range of enzymes have favorable partition properties in a system based on a PGE—dextran—salt solution (97) ... 

Although microporous membranes are a topic of research interest, all current commercial gas separations are based on the fourth type of mechanism shown in Figure 36, namely diffusion through dense polymer films. Gas transport through dense polymer membranes is governed by equation 8 where is the flux of component /,andare the partial pressure of the component i on either side of the membrane, /is the membrane thickness, and is a constant called the membrane permeability, which is a measure of the membrane s ability to permeate gas. The ability of a membrane to separate two gases, i and is the ratio of their permeabilities,a, called the membrane selectivity (eq. 9). 

In addition to these principal commercial uses of molybdenum catalysts, there is great research interest in molybdenum oxides, often supported on siHca, ie, MoO —Si02, as partial oxidation catalysts for such processes as methane-to-methanol or methane-to-formaldehyde (80). Both O2 and N2O have been used as oxidants, and photochemical activation of the MoO catalyst has been reported (81). The research is driven by the increased use of natural gas as a feedstock for Hquid fuels and chemicals (82). Various heteropolymolybdates (83), MoO.-containing ultrastable Y-zeoHtes (84), and certain mixed metal molybdates, eg, MnMoO Ee2(MoO)2, photoactivated CuMoO, and ZnMoO, have also been studied as partial oxidation catalysts for methane conversion to methanol or formaldehyde (80) and for the oxidation of C-4-hydrocarbons to maleic anhydride (85). Heteropolymolybdates have also been shown to effect ethylene (qv) conversion to acetaldehyde (qv) in a possible replacement for the Wacker process. 

The dianhydride of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxyhc acid [81-30-1] has been of research interest for the preparation of high temperature polymers, ie, polyimides. The condensation of the dianhydride with o-phenylenediamines gives vat dyes and pigments of the benzimidazole type. 

Coordination sterochemistry (including various forms of isomerization) is an area of significant research interest. This aspect of coordination is important for stereospecific catalytical appHcations. 

The effect of the medium (solvent) on chemical reactivity is a subject of great difficulty, one that can be studied at several levels of understanding. The literature of the field is large, and research interest continues to be bigb. In this chapter we can only summarize much that has been learned each topic can be pursued in detail by means of the citations to original work. Many authors have reviewed solvent effects on reaction rates. Section 8.1 introduces a few ideas that are treated more thoroughly in the rest of the chapter. 

What is common to all of these areas is that the relevant number of published GC-GC papers is very small when compared to those concerning single-column and GC-MS methods. While approximately 1000 papers per year are currently published on single-column GC methods and, in recent years, nearly 750 per year on GC-MS techniques, only around 50 per annum have been produced on two-dimensional GC. Of course, this may not be a true reflection of the extent to which two-dimensional GC is utilized, but it is certainly the case that research interest in its application is very much secondary to that of mass spectrometric couplings. A number of the subject areas where two-dimensional methods have been applied do highlight the limitations that exist in single-column and MS-separation analysis. 

For commercial ionic liquid synthesis, quality is a key factor. FFowever, since availability and price are other important criteria for the acceptance of this new solvent concept, the scaling-up of ionic liquid production is a major research interest too. 

Fermi had been fascinated by the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932. He gradually switched his research interests to the use of neutrons to produce new types of nuclear reactions, in the hope of discovering new chemical elements or new isotopes of known elements. He had seen at once that the uncharged neutron would not be repelled by the positively-charged atomic nucleus. For that reason the uncharged neutron could penetrate much closer to a nucleus without the need for high-energy particle accelerators. lie discovered that slow neutrons could... 

Professors Harry Frank (University of Connecticut), Steven Shaw (Montana State University), Greg Sotzing (University of Connecticut), and Leslie Sperling (Lehigh University) graciously consented to write essays on their research interests. Their essays are interesting and understandable to freshmen (no mean feat ). 

K. C. Nicolaou was bom in 1946 in Cyprus. He studied chemistry at the University of London (B.Sc., 1969 Ph.D., 1972), Columbia University (postdoctoral research) and Harvard University (postdoctoral research). Between 1976 and 1989 he was a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania. He currently holds joint appointments at The Scripps Research Institute, where he is the Darlene Shiley Professor of Chemistry and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry, and at the University of California, San Diego, where he is Professor of Chemistry. His research interests span the areas of synthetic organic chemistry, bioorganic chemistiy, molecular design, and the chemistry and biology of natural products. 

Erik J. Sorensen was bom in 1966 in Oneida, New York. He graduated from Syracuse University with a B. A. in chemistry. He received his Ph. D. degree in chemistry from the University of California, San Diego in 1995 working under the guidance of Professor K. C. Nicolaou. His research interests are in the areas of total synthesis and reaction engineering. 

Eric Scerri studied chemistry at the Universities of London, Cambridge and Southampton, and obtained a Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of science from King s College, London on the question of "The Reduction of Chemistry to Quantum Mechanics," He has been a research felloiu in the history and philosophy of science at the London School of Economics and at the California Institute of Technology. He is currently an assistant professor of chemistry at Bradley University, where he also teaches histoiy and philosophy of chemistry, which are also his main research interests. He is editor of the new journal Foundations of Chemistry. Address Department of Chemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625. Internet scerri bradley.edu. 

Despite the remarkable progress made, however, the trend shown in the table reveals a fact that cannot be interpreted favorably, at least to this author. In the third quarter of the 20th century, the structures of five different kinds of new luciferins have been determined, whereas, in the last quarter, only three structures, of which two are nearly identical, have been determined. None has been determined in the last decade of the century and thereafter, thus clearly indicating a declining trend, in contradiction to the steady advances in analytical techniques. The greatest cause for the decline seems to be the shift of research interest from chemistry and biochemistry into genetic biotechnology in the past 20 years. 

In gas separation with membranes, a gas mixture at an elevated pressure is passed across the surface of a membrane that is selectively permeable to one component of the mixture. The basic process is illustrated in Figure 16.4. Major current applications of gas separation membranes include the separation of hydrogen from nitrogen, argon and methane in ammonia plants the production of nitrogen from ah and the separation of carbon dioxide from methane in natural gas operations. Membrane gas separation is an area of considerable research interest and the number of applications is expanding rapidly. 

Because of the relationship between compounds in the adjacent oxidation states +2 and +3, they are grouped together here the section is subdivided by ligand, concentrating on some classes of complex important in their diversity and in current research interest. 

The situation has now changed and currently an area of considerable research interest is in heterogenizing homogeneous catalysts. One such instance is to be found in the ethylene based manufacture of vinyl acetate (11). A homogeneous catalytic process based on palladium and copper salts was first devised, but corrosion problems were made much less serious in a heterogeneous system based on the same chemical principles. 

The photochemistry of sulfoxides and sulfones, which was first comprehensively reviewed in 19691, continues to be an area of active research interest. In this early review some 30 to 40 primary publications on the photochemistry of sulfoxides and sulfones were described. Since that date, interest in this field has continued at a steady, rather than accelerated, pace but further reviews of the general area of photochemistry of organic sulfur compounds have appeared2,3. The present review will focus on the main areas of interest for both sulfoxides and sulfones which, in spite of their apparent similarity, exhibit quite different photochemical behavior. 

The chief value of several procedures lies in current research interest in the products. Tropylium fluoborate (p. 101) is a good example. 

Laser-induced fluorescence has proven to be the key to these pioneering studies of transuranic hexafluoride electronic state photophysics and photochemistry. This is a research area of unique opportunity in which fundamental and technical research interests strongly converge. 

Although carbohydrate chemistry was his main personal research interest, he was influential in founding fluorine chemistry as a significant chemical discipline in the United Kingdom. Many of those he introduced to the subject moved on to establish other research centers on fluorine chemistry in the United Kingdom. 

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