University basic research

I would like to thank V. M. Shabaev, S. G. Karshenboim, L. N. Labzowsky, M. I. Eides, G. Soff, G. Plunien, K. Melnikov, and K. Pachucki for many interesting discussions. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 98-02-18350) and by the program Russian Universities. Basic Research (project No. 3930). 

Estimates of the R D and university basic research credits claimed by the pharmaceutical industry are included in the general business credit. In addition to these two research-related credits, the general business credit includes other tax credits potentially available to corporations a credit for newly created jobs, one for certain types of special investment, one for the use of alcohol as a fuel, and a credit for the provision of low-income housing. Because carrybacks and carry forwards are calculated on the general business credit as a whole, it is not possible to produce separate estimates of the R D and university basic research credits actually claimed. 

The central university basic research and operational costs funded. 

We would like to thank 1. Borukhov and H. Diamant for discussions and comments. One of us (DA) would like to acknowledge partial support from the Israel Science Foundation founded by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities - Centers of Excellence Program, the Israel-US Binational Science Foundation (BSF) under grant no. 98-00429, and the Tel Aviv University Basic Research Fund. This work was completed during a visit by both of us to the Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). 

At the age of sixteen, Townes entered Furman University and received two bachelor s degi ees (modern languages and physics) in 193.S. He continued his education, receiving a master s at Uuke University in 1937 and a doctorate at Cal Tech in 1939. In the summer of 1939, Bell Labs hired him. Numerous lines of research were being undertaken simultaneously at Bell Labs. Most of the work done by Townes initially dealt with basic research and the transmission of telephone and television signals. Worldwide political events, however, soon changed this emphasis. 

The foundation for the more rational approach to drug discovery that is practised today comes from basic research into disease processes and medical conditions. Much of this research is carried out in universities and other research institutions, with funding coming from both government and pharmaceutical industry sponsors. 

Polymer Science. 127-143. Raymond B. Seymour et al., eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1989) 29-41. Source for hard driving. .. warm importance of Double Bond older than other Ph.D.s only universities did basic research and Flory on Carothers. 

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Conducting Superfund basic research on... 

The importance of the thioesters was realized at the beginning of the 1950s by Theodor Wieland from the University of Frankfurt am Main (Wieland and Pflei-derer, 1957), who used aminoacyl mercaptans as activated amino acids in peptide syntheses (see Sect. 5.3). Thus, 30 years later, this area of basic research came to be useful for prebiotic chemistry. 

Biocatalysts Ltd. works through customer agreements with customer, so far, they already hold exclusivity agreements with some blue chip companies around the world. The R D program is focused on the development of new enzymes and enzyme complexes mainly identified by customers. British Universities undertake most of the needed basic research into new enzymes through allegiances with Biocatalyst Ltd. This allows the in-house scientists to focus onto the customers needs, whilst keeping full up to date with the latest developments in bioresearch. 

A new kind of relationship is emerging between universities and industry in the chemical sciences, influenced in part by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which allowed universities to retain intellectual property rights from federally funded research.2 As large industrial organizations have fewer and smaller departments doing long-range or basic research, they look to universities both for fundamental research and for students. In contrast to previous decades, in which many compa-... 

Many laboratory syntheses of important structural types of compounds are too long or complex to work well in manufacturing. Chemists working in the process area are thus often engaged in inventing new approaches that use the most modern reactions, in order to develop compact synthetic schemes with small numbers of acceptable steps. The modern reactions that make this possible are being invented by chemists involved in basic discovery and creation, usually in universities. The pressure on industrial process chemists to develop practical schemes for manufacturing important products means that they do not normally have the time for the basic research that can lead to new chemical reactions. 

The basic research in our fields is now done largely in universities. It can have incredibly important practical results, but those results cannot normally be predicted in advance. Who would have thought that the basic study of induced energy emission from excited states of atoms and molecules that led to the laser would wind up giving us a better way to record music, or read supermarket prices Would a music company have funded that research Who would have thought that our increased understanding of the chemistry of life would have led to the creation of biotechnology as an entirely new industry The industry that benefited from the basic research could not have funded it, since it did not yet exist. 

Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan NTT Photonics Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Wakamiya, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Wakamiya, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan Department of Chemistry, International Christian University,... 

In 1969, with recognition of environmental problems emerging, the resources of the University were put to work for the benefit of the state of California. Essential characteristics of what was needed to resolve environmental problems became apparent from work addressing California s critical concern air quality. These contrasted with basic research themes. 

These studies were supported by the Basic Research Fund, American Institute of Baking and constitute the Ph.D. thesis, Kansas State University (1984), of Bohannon. 

---