Cooling laser

Cohen-Tannoud]i C N and Phillips W D 1990 New mechanisms for laser cooling Phys. Today 42 33-40... 

Tannor D J and Bartana A 1999 On the interplay of control fields and spontaneous emission in laser cooling J. Phys. Chem. A 103 10 359-63... 

Phillips W D 1998 Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms Rev. Mod. Rhys. 70 721... 

Stenholm S 1986 The semiclassical theory of laser cooling Rev.Mod.Phys. 58 699-739... 

Lett P D, Watts R N, Westbrook C I, Phillips W D, Gould P L and Metcalf H J 1988 Gbservation of atoms, laser-cooled belowthe Doppler limit Phys.Rev.Lett. 61 169-72... 

Dalibard J and Cohen-Tannoudji C 1989 Laser cooling belowthe Doppler limit by polarization gradients simple theoretical models J.Opt.Soc.Am. B 6 2023-45... 

A good introduction to the physics of laser cooling and trapping can be found in two special issues of tire Journal of the Optical Society of America B. These are ... 

The most recent approach to reductive nanofabrication that can indeed constmct nanoscale stmctures and devices uses microscopic tools (local probes) that can build the stmctures atom by atom, or molecule by molecule. Optical methods using laser cooling (optical molasses) are also being developed to manipulate nanoscale stmctures. 

Future Trends. Methods of laser cooling and trapping are emerging as of the mid-1990s that have potential new analytical uses. Many of the analytical laser spectroscopies discussed herein were first employed for precise physical measurements in basic research. AppHcations to analytical chemistry occurred as secondary developments from 10 to 15 years later. 

Laser Cooling The 1997 Nobel Prize in physics was shared by Steven Chu of Stanford University, William D. Phillips of the National Institute of Science and Technology, and Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudje of the College de France for their development and theoretical explanation of laser cooling, a process that can lower the temperature of a gas to a very low value. 

Keywords atom interferometry, laser cooling, Raman transition... 

Laser cooling can efficiently reduce the velocity of the atoms but cannot circumvent the acceleration due to gravity. On the ground the 1-g gravity level sets clear limitations to the ultimate sensitivities. The HYPER project (Hyper precision cold atom interferometry in space) will follow precisely this line and will benefit from the space environment, which enables very long interaction time (few seconds) and low spurious vibrational level. The sensitivity of the atomic interferometer can achieve few 10 rad.s. Hz to rotation and to acceleration. This very sensitive and accurate apparatus... 

In the second topic, we will describe a very smart new application based on Yb + ion doped glasses laser cooling of condensed matter. 

One of the most exciting areas in atomic physics in the last 10 years has been laser cooling of translational motion in atoms to 10 3-10-9 K [9, 10, 15]. Several variations on cooling of atomic translational motion have now been proposed, but the generic scheme is as follows Two monochromatic laser beams are propagated, one along and one opposite an atomic beam by tuning the frequency of the laser to the red of resonance with a sharp... 

The possibility of producing a system of positronium atoms at a sufficiently high density and low temperature to produce Bose-Einstein (BE) condensation has been raised by Liang and Dermer (1988) and Platzman and Mills (1994). The former authors outlined a scheme in which positronium atoms are laser-cooled in vacuum, which seems feasible despite their short lifetimes because of their low mass. The required temperature of the positronium is around 0.1 K and the density is 1015 cm-3. Liang and Dermer (1988) argued that the overall scheme appears possible, but hitherto neither the temperature nor the density condition has been approached and laser cooling of positronium has not yet been attempted. 

Liang, E.P. and Dermer, C.D. (1988). Laser cooling of positronium. Optics Communications 65 419-424. 

Ultracold neutral plasmas may be produced by laser cooling and trapping of different types of neutral atoms [105] such as calcium, strontium, rubidium, cesium etc., by photoionizing Bose condensates [106] and also by spontaneous ionization of dense Rydberg atoms [107,108]. A review on ultracold neutral plasmas due to Killan et al. [61] gives an excellent disposition on the subject. 

H.J. Metcalf, P. van der Stratten, Laser Cooling and Trapping, Springer, New York, 1999. 

Modifications to the experimental set-up for the acquisition of fluorescence spectra from samples within the ESR microwave cavity are described in previous work ( ). Further improvements using a fast photomultiplier/photon counting technique were made in an attempt to determine the radiative fluorescence lifetime in solution. Phosphorescence at 77 K was measured both by a conventional Varian spectrofluorimeter and a pulsed laser/cooled diode array imaging device. Radiative phosphorescence lifetimes were measured by the photon counting technique, using the Stanford Research System SR400 gated photon counter. 

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