Basic analytical research

The combination of the specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction with the exquisite sensitivity of fluorescence detection and quantitation yields one of the most widely applicable analytical tools in cell biology (1). Within the last decade, flow cytometry (FCM) has become an integral part of basic immunological research. Elaboration of this technology has been intensively stimulated by a rapidly growing sophistication in monoclonal antibody technology and vice versa (2). 

In the pharmaceutical industry, preformulation is not generally carried out by one department alone. This activity integrates efforts of well-coordinated tasks among many research teams analytical research, basic pharmaceutics, quality control, dosage forms development, and others throughout the... 

Cattell R, The three basic factor-analytic research designs- their interrelations and derivatives, Phy-chological Bulletin, 1952, 49, 499-452. 

Overview of Basic Epidemiologic Study Designs. Epidemiology is the systematic study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations (19). Analytic research studies fall into several designs such as cohort studies, case-control studies, proportional mortality ratio (PMR) studies and cross sectional studies. The choice of a particular study design is determined by the... 

Process research Basic chemical research Literature surveys Route selection Bench research 1-to 10-mmol reactions Analytical services Information services... 

The influence of the surface structure of electrodes on electrochemical processes has been a central topic of basic electrochemical research in recent years. Advances were mainly achieved due to the utilization of structurally defined electrodes, usually low-index single-crystal surfaces, and to the development of surface-sensitive analytical techniques for the in-situ characterization of electrodes [1, 2]. Most of the advances can be attributed to the application of the latter, the new techniques, to the former, namely the well-defined surfaces. This approach has proven very powerful and its... 

Trace environmental quantitative analysis (TEQA) requires that a specific QC document be written and available. This appendix further elaborates on QC as first introduced in Chapter 2 and first written by the author in support of the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Basic Superfund Research Center Analytical Core. 

These problems require and are worth further research, and GC-MS will be the basic analytical tool for their solutions. 

In many technical applications of electrodics, practice has preceded theory by many decades. For example, electrodeposition of metals was practised in the last century, many years before the work of Tafel or Butler and Volmer, who laid the foundation of electrode kinetics. Indeed this field has only recently become the subject of intensive basic research. On the other hand, the application of electrodics to analytical chemistry follows the theoretical studies very closely, mainly due to the fact that the same instruments are used for basic research and analytical research and application with very little engineering being involved. In the field of fuel cells, the theoretical knowledge exceeds the practical since the problems in this area are largely non-electrochemical. 

Compositional analysis is concerned with determining structural relationships in the molecules present in a sample. Inhared spectroscopy is the most commonly used tool for qualitative chemical analysis of viscous oils. Descriptions and tables of characteristic absorbance for a variety of organic functional groups are readily available in many textbooks. Techniques for quantitative anal3rsis for many additives and some hydrocarbon types are available, although few have been issued as ASTM standards. Reports on new methods are commonly reported in the chemistry literature. To locate information on new analytical methods, a most useful reference is the bi-aimual Application Review published by the American Chemical Society. These have appeared recently in the June 15 issue of Analytical Chemistry in odd-numbered years. Recent reviews cover coal, crude oil, shale oil, heavy oils (natural and refined), lubricants, natural gas, and refined products and source rocks. Extensive references to original research papers are provided. A complimentary Fundamental Review covering the basic analytical techniques is published in even-numbered years. 

Future Trends. Methods of laser cooling and trapping are emerging as of the mid-1990s that have potential new analytical uses. Many of the analytical laser spectroscopies discussed herein were first employed for precise physical measurements in basic research. AppHcations to analytical chemistry occurred as secondary developments from 10 to 15 years later. 

Nearly all these techniques involve interrogation of the surface with a particle probe. The function of the probe is to excite surface atoms into states giving rise to emission of one or more of a variety of secondary particles such as electrons, photons, positive and secondary ions, and neutrals. Because the primary particles used in the probing beam can also be electrons or photons, or ions or neutrals, many separate techniques are possible, each based on a different primary-secondary particle combination. Most of these possibilities have now been established, but in fact not all the resulting techniques are of general application, some because of the restricted or specialized nature of the information obtained and others because of difficult experimental requirements. In this publication, therefore, most space is devoted to those surface analytical techniques that are widely applied and readily available commercially, whereas much briefer descriptions are given of the many others the use of which is less common but which - in appropriate circumstances, particularly in basic research - can provide vital information. 

An important step toward the understanding and theoretical description of microwave conductivity was made between 1989 and 1993, during the doctoral work of G. Schlichthorl, who used silicon wafers in contact with solutions containing different concentrations of ammonium fluoride.9 The analytical formula obtained for potential-dependent, photoin-duced microwave conductivity (PMC) could explain the experimental results. The still puzzling and controversial observation of dammed-up charge carriers in semiconductor surfaces motivated the collaboration with a researcher (L. Elstner) on silicon devices. A sophisticated computation program was used to calculate microwave conductivity from basic transport equations for a Schottky barrier. The experimental curves could be matched and it was confirmed for silicon interfaces that the analytically derived formulas for potential-dependent microwave conductivity were identical with the numerically derived nonsimplified functions within 10%.10... 

In an outreach to the medicinal chemists at Lilly, a one-week workshop was created and taught in the research building where the organic chemists were located. (The computational chemists were initially assigned office space with the analytical chemists and later with the biologists.) The workshop covered the basic and practical aspects of performing calculations on... 

In Section 42.2 we have discussed that queuing theory may provide a good qualitative picture of the behaviour of queues in an analytical laboratory. However the analytical process is too complex to obtain good quantitative predictions. As this was also true for queuing problems in other fields, another branch of Operations Research, called Discrete Event Simulation emerged. The basic principle of discrete event simulation is to generate sample arrivals. Each sample is characterized by a number of descriptors, e.g. one of those descriptors is the analysis time. In the jargon of simulation software, a sample is an object, with a number of attributes (e.g. analysis time) and associated values (e.g. 30 min). Other objects are e.g. instruments and analysts. A possible attribute is a list of the analytical... 

The need to understand the processes operating on Earth, coupled to recent analytical advances, have ensured that the U-series nuclides have seen widespread application since the last Ivanovich and Harmon book (1992). This volume does not set out to repeat material in that book, but is an attempt to bring together the advances in the subject over the last ten years, highlighting the excitement and rapid expansion of U-series research. The scope of the various chapters in this book is laid out at the end of this introduction. The remainder of this chapter introduces some of the basic concepts of U-series geochemistry, the chemical behavior of the elements involved, and the half-lives of the U- and Th-series nuclides. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the nuclear or radio-chemistry of the U-series nuclides and for additional information, the reader is referred to Ivanovich (1992). 

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