Development research basics

Much valuable research has been devoted to developing the basic principles for the production of frozen fruits and vegetables of high and uniform quality. If this knowledge could be applied to its fullest extent, there would be little need for concern over the quality of such foods. Before this can be done, those responsible for quality control must be provided with suitable standards of quality and condition, and objective methods of analysis which will clearly indicate conformance or nonconformance to the standards. Responsibility for this resides with the research food technologist or chemist. It constitutes a rich field for profitable and practical research. 

Expository-type laboratory activities will continue to be needed for the development of basic experimental skills of the students, despite their inefficiency in providing a realistic scientific environment and in promoting the use of higher-order cognitive skills. Even defenders of the conventiorral-type of laboratory and laboratory manrral do not claim that they are always wisely used, nor do they claim that they shorrldbe used exclusively (Ault, 2002 2004). However, the domirrant problem is that despite the fact that research has established the superiority of irrqrriry laboratory activities over verification laboratory activities, cookbook laboratory activities are still prevalent in many high school and college irrstitutions (Monteyne, Mark, Cracolice, 2004). ... 

Park, S-U. (Ed.). (1998). Research and Development on Basic Technology for Atmospheric Environment in Global Scale Development of Technology for Monitoring and Prediction of Acid Rain (G-7 project). Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, 602 pp. 

The orderly development of basic data involves a research cycle shown schematically in Figure 2. This cycle involves four stages as follows. 

When the metals were studied, the release of gases and vapors was observed. For example, Paracelsus reported that when iron was dissolved in sulfuric acid air comes out like a wind. The differentiation of these kinds of air took more than two centuries. Research on the analysis of gases was extremely productive in developing the basic methods to handle and study gases and even paved the way to design techniques for elementary analysis of the constituents of organisms. Thus the study of gases became the second epoch of analytical chemistry it is called the pneumatic age. ... 

This rather obvious observation led us to begin work on chemical sensors that look for the actual explosive molecules. Undoubtedly, other researchers came to similar conclusions because several programs were begun at about the same time to develop this basic idea. Chapter 4 provides a brief glimpse at the history of some of these programs. 

Let us first examine the virtues of information acquisition by bureaucracies. Information acquisition includes two separate activities the development of basic knowledge and its dissemination. Traditionally, even most market-oriented economists have argued that the development of basic knowledge has public-good character-isfics and, fhus, will not be provided optimally by private firms. Two examples of basic research discussed earlier in this book are knowledge about the effects of radon exposure on human health and the database of animal tests that Ames and his colleagues constructed. 

Volume III, Pharmacology and Therapy, addresses developments in basic science, translational and clinical research that are underway to bring stem cell research to therapy, particularly for the treatment of Batten s diseases, graft-versus-host disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency. This volume covers the importance of stem cell research for the understanding of drug activities and design. It also addresses the ethical issues and constraints involved in stem cell research, and its commercial applications. 

We list this first, because we believe that it is by far the most important, ttie great developments in shortterm test systems, such as the Salmonella/microsome system, are direct outgrowths of molecular and cellular genetics. These highly effective tests could not have been developed without basic knowledge. Furthermore, individual research workers, not advisory committees, recognized the need for and developed these tests. In our opinion, the most innovative and ultimately the most important advances are likely to come from basic research. 

Researchers and engineers extensively utilized second law analysis in the field of heat and fluid flow. Bejan developed the basic approach, methodology, and applications. In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, the local rate of entropy production per unit volume in a convective heat transfer is... 

For this reason, lecture courses in physical chemistry are usually accompanied by a program of laboratory work. Such experimental work should not just demonstrate established principles but should also develop research aptitudes by providing experience with the kind of measurements that can yield important new results. This book attempts to achieve that goal. Its aim is to provide a clear understanding of the principles of important experimental methods, the design of basic apparatus, the plaiming of experimental procedures, and the significance of the final results. In short, the aim is to help you become a productive research scientist. 

Performing assigned experiments that are described in a book such as this one is the first step in developing research ability. Once some basic experience in carrying out physical measurements has been acquired, individually supervised experimental work on an original research problem is an excellent way to develop independence and experience with advanced research techniques in a specialized field. As a preparation for such research work, interested students should be encouraged to perform a special project in lieu of two or three regular experiments. 

Bolon B. Genetically engineered animals in drug discovery and development a maturing resource for toxicologic research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 95(4) 154-161. 

Recent research resulted in new and potent impact odorants found in foods or Mail-lard reaction samples [26-28]. Systematic studies revealed common structural elements of sulphur-containing compounds required for developing a basic meat flavour (Fig. 5.53) [29[. The 1,2-oxygen, sulphur grouping has been suggested as a common element of the savoury olfactophore (Fig. 5.54). 

In the pharmaceutical industry, preformulation is not generally carried out by one department alone. This activity integrates efforts of well-coordinated tasks among many research teams analytical research, basic pharmaceutics, quality control, dosage forms development, and others throughout the... 

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