Cross-sectional study

In a cross-sectional study, exposure and effect are studied simultaneously. This approach contains an inherent problem because exposure must precede the effect. However, it can he used to investigate acute effects and also mild chronic effects (which do not force people to leave their jobs) if exposure has remained rather stable for a long time. When the prevalence of the effects studied are compared with the prevalence in other worker groups (controls or references) which correspond otherwise with the study group but are not exposed to the agent investigated, indicative evidence of possible causality may be obtained. For example, cross-sectional studies have been applied successfully to reveal the associations between mild neurotoxic effects and exposure to organic solvents. ... [Pg.242]

Cokelez, A., Dumon, A., Taber, K. S. (2007). Upper secondary french students, chemical transformations and the Register of Models A cross-sectional study [Electronic version]. International Journal of Science Education, 1-30, DOT 10.1080/09500690701308458. [Pg.103]

Cross-sectional Study—A type of epidemiological study of a group or groups which examines the relationship between exposure and outcome to a chemical or to chemicals at one point in time. [Pg.242]

Health benefits of carotenoids are related to their bioavailability and thus then-absorption. Plasma concentration is considered a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable consumption. Table 3.1.1 shows plasma carotenoid levels in EPIC study subjects from 16 European locations. EPIC was the first large cross-sectional study analyzing plasma carotenoid levels in several European populations. ... [Pg.128]

Kristenson, M. et al., Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men concomitant cross-sectional study of men aged 50, Br. Med. J., 314, 629, 1997. [Pg.142]

Stensvold, I., Tverdal, A., Foss, O. P., The effect of coffee on blood lipids and blood pressure Results from a Norwegian cross-sectional study, men and women, 40-42 years, J Clin Epidemiol., 42, 877, 1989... [Pg.326]

Si, T. M., Shu, L., Yu, X. et al. (2005b). A cross-sectional study on medication treatment patterns of bipolar disorder in China. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 165-9. [Pg.95]

Hull, S. A., Aquino, P. Cotter, S. (2005). Explaining variation in antidepressant prescribing rates in east London a cross sectional study. Fam. Pract., 22(1), 37 2. [Pg.142]

In a cross-sectional study of sewer and water treatment workers, Richardson (1995) evaluated the association of hydrogen sulfide exposures to reduced lung function using spirometric testing. Job titles were used to categorize sewer workers into high, medium, and low exposure groups however, there was... [Pg.49]

Higashi T, Toyama T, Sakurai H, et al. 1983. Cross sectional study of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary functions in rayon textile workers with special reference to hydrogen sulfide exposure. Ind Health 21 281-292. [Pg.187]

In conclusion, PbB levels of 40-60 pg/dL are considered to be markedly elevated in children, and neuro-behavioral effects are distinct. There are no clear definitions of what constitutes low versus moderate PbB levels, and effects observed at the lower levels (particularly <15 pg/dL), have proven more difficult to separate from socioeconomic and other variables. Many of the cross-sectional studies that showed... [Pg.101]

A cross-sectional study of 236 mothers and their infants in Glasgow, Scotland, demonstrated reductions in gestational age with increasing cord or maternal PbB lead levels (Moore et al. 1982). In the 11 cases... [Pg.113]

Children 1-18 years of age N=831 1,074 blood samples 1.92 0.60 Omaha cross-sectional study smelter Angle et al. 1984... [Pg.275]

Children N=148 2.46 0.58 Belgium cross-sectional study smelter EPA analysis Roels et al. 1980... [Pg.275]

Children N=880 1.53 0.064 Kellogg/Silver Valley cross-sectional study EPA analysis smelter Yankel etal. 1977... [Pg.275]

Adult males 5 groups, 30/group 2.57 0.04 Cross-sectional study at air concentration of 1 pg/m3 Azaret al. 1975... [Pg.275]

In summary, on the basis of IQ measurements, which provide a better degree of comparability between the studies than various sensorimotor paradigms, it appears that a highly significant IQ decrement of 1-3 points is associated with a change of PbB from 10 to 20 pg/dL. This relationship is supported by prospective and cross-sectional studies (see IPCS 1995 Needleman and Gatsonis 1990 Pocock et al. 1994 Schwartz 1994 for individual studies included in the meta-analyses). [Pg.300]

Hammad TA, Sexton M, Langenberg P. 1996. Relationship between blood lead and dietary iron intake in preschool children. A cross-section study. Ann Epidemiol 6(1) 30-33. [Pg.530]

Moreau T, Orssaud G, Juguet B, et al. 1982. [Blood lead levels and arterial pressure Initial results of a cross sectional study of 431 male subjects.] Rev Epidemol Sante Publique 39 395-397. (French)... [Pg.551]

Physical exercise has been investigated in a number of studies. The relationship between exercise and cognitive performance has been studied in both older adults (Kramer et al., 2000 Wood et al., 1999 Laurin et al., 2001) and young, healthy volunteers. The general consensus is of beneficial effects. In a classic cross-sectional study Spirduso and Clifford (1978) demonstrated that reaction time among older adults... [Pg.212]

Green L.E., Lewis K., Kimpton A. and Nicol C.J. (2000). Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease , Veterinary Record, 147, 233-238. [Pg.140]

Radhika and others (2008) examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) and CVD risk factors in urban south Indians. The study population composed of 983 individuals aged at least 20 years selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES), a population-based cross-sectional study... [Pg.13]

Lewis D, Antoniak M, Venn A, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N, Britton J and Fogarty A. 2005. Secondhand smoke, dietary food intake, road traffic exposures, and the prevalence of asthma a cross-sectional study in young children. Am J Epidemiol 161 406-411. [Pg.44]

Pryne C, Mishra G, O Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A and Ginty F. 2006. Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 83 1420-1428. [Pg.47]

Tsugani S, Tsuda M, Gey F and Watanabe S. 1992. Cross-sectional study with multiple measurements of biological markers for assessing stomach cancer risks at the population level. Environ Health Perspect 98 207-210. [Pg.49]

Karmaus, W. et al., Immune function biomarkers in children exposed to lead and organo-chlorine compounds A cross sectional study, Environmental Health 4, 5, 2005. [Pg.220]

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