Automotive leather

Polyurethane dispersion (35 %) 250 parts Polyacrylate dispersion (40 %) 100 parts Waxes (40 %) 80 parts Matting agent 80 parts Water 290 parts 

Thickener to a 4 mm Ford cup viscosity of 16-18 s Top coat Polyurethane dispersion (35 %) 500 parts 

Waxes (40 %) 20 parts Crosslinker (50 %) 60 parts Water 420 parts 

The polyurethane dispersions used in the base coat are soft and very finely divided. 

In contrast, the polyurethane dispersions used in the pigment coat are of medium hardness. A portion of the polyurethane dispersions may also be replaced by polyacrylate dispersions. These must not have an adverse effect on the cold flexing endurance and so the polyacrylate dispersions used must have a low glass transition temperature. The high rub-fastnesses are primarily achieved by the crosslinking of the top coat Useful crossHnkers include, for example, modified aliphatic polyisocyanates. The leathers are strongly embossed to conform the surface structure of the leathers to the interior styling of the car. 

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Flame retardance in polymeric materials may be achieved by two different mechanisms. The first is by using an inherently flame retardant material as a substantial component of the polymeric material or compound. This approach is exemplified by the use of chlorendic acid as a reactive component of flame retardant polyester resins, or the use of substantial quantities of phosphate plasticisers in non-flame PVC compounds, eg for automotive leather-cloth. 

The leather industry is one of the oldest and most complex industries world-wide. It is closely coupled to raw hide production and hence to meat consumption. livestock is bred world-wide. Accordingly, tanneries are located all around the globe. The articles made from leather differ greatly, ranging from shoe upper leather to apparel leather and to automotive leather. 

Depending on the polyol component used, there are polyetherurethanes and poly-esterurethanes. With regard to the isocyanate component, a distinction is made between aromatic and ahphatic monomers. The somewhat less costly aromatic systems, however, do not meet the extreme aging resistance requirements of automotive leathers, for example. 

Furniture leathers, unlike automotive leathers, need less high fastnesses. light-fastness is an exception. Primary furniture leather criteria are the feel properties and the visual appearance of the leather. The use of soft polyacrylate dispersions has proved... 

The requisite hiding performance is achieved through the partial use of the polybutadiene dispersion. Furniture leathers are softer than automotive leathers. Embossing is accordingly done under less pressure. Since the fastness requirements are lower, the top coat is less crosshnked and the appHed amount is lower. For aesthetic reasons, the leather is briefly plated after the appHcation of the top coat. 

This test, which is important for automotive leathers in particular, determines the condensation on cooled glass panes of volatiles from the leather or the finish coat It is described in DIN 75201. There are two different methods of measurement (a) the reflectometric method and (b) the gravimetric method. While the gravimetric method indicates the condensed mass, for example after 16 h at 100 °C, the reflectometric method describes the clouding of the cooled glass plate after 3 h at 100 °C. 

This test is important for automotive leather in particular. It assesses the effect of light, heat and moisture on the flexing endurance, the rub-fastness and the color fastness of the leather finish. Finished leather strips are eTcposed to a defined dose of radiation in a test chamber at 20 % relative humidity. The color fastness is examined after the first cycle, the flexing endurance after the second cycle, the mb-fastness after the third cycle and the color fastness once more after the last cycle. Requirements differ from one car producer to the other. 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

Another important application of NR is for bonding ceramic tiles, although it needs special compounding with clay filler and cellulose thickener. Water-borne NR adhesives can also be used for bonding canvas and leather shoes and interior trim in some automotive applications. 

Solvent-home urethanes are still widely used to bond leather and athletic shoes. The OEM automotive market uses some solvent-home urethanes together with chlorosulfonated polyethylene as a primer. Some urethane solvent-home packaging adhesives are used for cap liners and for paper and foil lamination. Some textile laminating applications are still based on solvent-home urethanes. 

Finally, it should be mentioned that the automotive and upholstery industries often introduce restrictions on the VOC emissions from leather. The VOC is measured by heating the leather in a closed chamber, and the emitted VOCs are determined by a mass spectrometer. 

P.R.12 is also employed in a series of special applications, such as automotive cleaners, floor polish, shoe polish, etc., and it is frequently used to color office articles and leather. 

Uses Plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride used in vinyl tile, manufacture of artificial leather, carpet tile, food conveyor belts, weather stripping, tarps, automotive trim, traffic cones additive in poiyvinyi acetate emuisions, ethyiene glycoi, ethyl cellulose, and some adhesives organic synthesis. 

Lustre/pearlescent pigments have found wide application in automotive coatings, coloured plastics, synthetic leather, printing inks, ceramic products and cosmetics, e.g. nail polish, lipstick and mascara. 

In a survey of volatile organic chemicals in 1159 household items including household cleaners and polishes, paint-related products, fabric and leather treatments, cleaners for electronic equipment, oils, greases and lubricants, adhesive-related products, automotive products and miscellaneous products, ethylbenzene was identified in 157 of 658 (24%) of the products tested. The highest mean concentrations and percentage of products in each category in which ethylbenzene was found were as follows 7.2% w/w in 7.5% of automotive products, 2.4% w/w in 47.8% of paint-related... 

Domestic woolly sheep are bred for wool and meat in large quantities in Australia, New Zealand, and other agricultural countries. The skins are byproducts, and their conversion into high-quality fur or leather can be regarded as beneficial waste management. Lambskins and sheepskins have grown markedly more popular in recent years for clothing, automotive seat covers, medical, and other applications. Woolly sheepskins account for about half of total fur production and are processed on an industrial basis. 

Melt compression molding identifies in-mold laminating and in-line molding of carriers, decorations, etc. The basic technique has been used for over a century. There has been an increased application of textile cover stock and leather substitutes both preferably with a soft touch. This type development was primarily initiated by the automotive industry with the objective to be prepared for future trends. Other industries such as furniture and packaging manufacturers use this process. 

Is an oil in water emulsifier for petroleum oils, fats, waxes and alkyl esters. It is an excellent lubricant for metals, textiles, and leather, and is used as an emulsifier/ lubricant in soluble oils for metal processing and finishing. EMSORB 6903 also serves as a lubricant and highly efficient emulsifier for oils used in textile processing and finishing, glass fiber lubricants, and automotive lubricant additives. HLB 11.1... 

Poly(acrylates) and poly(methacrylates) form another class of common polymers with saturated carbon chain backbone. Polyacrylates can be considered vinyl polymers with the -COOR group attached at every other carbon atom in the chain. However, due to their common use and particular properties, polyacrylates form a separate polymer class together with polymethacrylates. Among the most common polymers from this class are those obtained from acrylic acid methyl ester (PMA) and methylacrylic (methacrylic) acid methyl ester (PMMA). Acrylic polymers have many practical applications in automotive industry, in the production of medical materials, paints, coatings and lacquers, adhesives, textiles, and synthetic leather. Poly(methacrylic acid methyl ester) can be obtained in cast sheets with applications in technical components, furniture, building materials, etc. Formulas for poly(acrylic acid), two polyacrylates, and poly(methyl methacrylate) are shown below ... 

Use Finishes on upholstery, automotive, luggage, and case leathers. 

MAJOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS filtration, ceramics, foams, floor tiles, shoe soles, paints, food, building products, welding electrodes, gaskets, stucco, EIFS, asbestos alternative, sealants, roof coatings, athletic surface coatings, crack fillers and sealers, brake pads, clutches, pavement, artificial leather, electrical components, automotive components, household appliances, mastics, putties, patching compounds, grouts... 

Occurrence of volatile nitrosamines in air has been associated with tire and rubber products, leather tanneries, and automotive upholstery, and, as a result, measurable levels of the nitrosamines have been found in certain confined areas, e.g. automobile interiors. Concentrations of NDMA in interior air of automobiles have been found to vary widely due to differences in age of the car, design and decor. Levels of NDMA in interior air of new cars were found to range from <0.02 to 0.83 g/m (Dropkin 1985, Rounbehler et al. 1980). 

Colorants and Finishing Products - dyes for textiles and leather, printing inks, raw materials for paints, and glues, automotive and industrial paints and coatings ... 

Amkal . [Angus] Diiodomediyl-p-tolyl sulfone presnvative, mildewcide, fungicide for adhesives and sealants, and in lumber, construction, home improvement textile, leather, and automotive industries. 

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