Organic volatile chemicals

Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Eemoval of Volatile Organic Chemicals from Potable Water—Technologies and Costs, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, N.J., 1986, pp. 23-40. 

Clark, R. M. (1990). Unit process research for removing volatile organic chemicals from drinking water An overview. In Significance and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Supplies, (N. M. Ram, R. F. Christman, and K. P. Cantor, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, ML... 

Stripping Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) from Water with Air... 

Boilers with superheaters and reheaters should use only volatile organic chemicals. 

Barbash J, Roberts PV. 1986. Volatile organic chemical contamination of groundwater resources in the U.S. J Water Pollut Control Fed 58 343-348. 

Brodzinsky R, Singh HB. 1982. Volatile organic chemicals in the atmosphere An assessment of available data. Menlo Park, CA Atmospheric Science Center, SRI International. Contract no. 68-02-3452, 107-108. 

Nicoara S, Culea M, Palibroda N, et al. 1994. Volatile organic chemical pollutants in laboratory indoor air. Indoor Environ 3 83-86. 

Hess, A.F., Dyksen, J.E., and Dunn, H.J., Control strategy—aeration treatment techniques, in Occurrence and Removal of Volatile Organic Chemicals from Drinking Water, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO, 1983, pp. 87-155. 

Batiha MA, Kadhum AAH, Batiha MM et al (2010) MAFRAM — a new fate and risk assessment methodology for non-volatile organic chemicals. J Hazard Mater 181 1080-1087... 

Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T, Hamer T (2007) Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 31 2289-2296... 

Shah JJ, Singh HB. 1988. Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 22 1381-1388. 

A model describing transfer of -hexane via lactation from a mother to a nursing infant is also available (Fisher et al. 1997). Human milk/blood partition coefficients for 19 volatile organic chemicals including u-hexane were experimentally determined using samples from volunteers. These parameters were used to estimate the amount of w-hcxanc an infant would ingest from milk if the mother was occupationally exposed to w-hcxanc at the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) throughout a workday. 

The Perbellini PBPK model for -hexane is the only validated model for this chemical identified in the literature. The Fisher model was intended for risk assessment to predict which of 19 volatile organic chemicals may be present in milk at a high enough level after workplace exposure to raise health concerns for a nursing infant. 

Mathews JM, Raymer JH, Etheridge As, et al. 1997. Do endogenous volatile organic chemicals measured in breath reflect and maintain CYP2E1 levels in vivo Toxicol Appl Pharmoacol 146 255-260. 

Raymer JH, Pellizzari ED. 1996. Estimation of recent exposures to volatile organic chemicals using alveolar air measuements. Toxicol Ind Health 12 201-210. 

Several soil-vapor monitoring techniques are currendy being used to define areas of volatile organic chemical contamination. These procedures usually involve the collection of representative samples of the soil gas for analysis of indicator compounds. Maps marked with concentration contours of these indicator compounds can be used to identify potential sources to delineate the contaminated area. Indicator compounds (usually the more volatile compounds) are selected for each specific situation. For gasoline contamination, the compounds are usually benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene (BTEX). In the case of a fuel oil spill, the most commonly used indicator is naphthalene. Some laboratories have adapted the laboratory procedures used for quality analysis of wellhead condensate (i.e., normal paraffins) to include light-end (<8 carbons) molecular analysis. 

The most common applications of air sparging are in-well aeration and injection well aeration. Where air sparging releases a significant quantity of volatile organic chemicals, an SVE system is often installed in the vadose zone to intercept the vapors for aboveground treatment. 

Hughes TJ, Simmons DM, Monteith LG, et al. 1987. Vaporization technique to measure mutagenic activity of volatile organic chemicals in the Ames/ Salmonella assay. Environ Mutagen 9 421-441. 

Compressed CO2 does not have any influence on the green-house effect, it is moreover not classified as a volatile organic chemical (VOC). Consequently, it may be regarded as a green solvent. 

Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, Perritt RL, et al. 1986. Comparison of indoor and outdoor residential levels of volatile organic chemicals in five U.S. geographical areas. Environ Intern 12 619-623. 

Shatkin J, Szejnwald-Brown H. 1991. Pharmacokinetics of the dermal route of exposure to volatile organic chemicals in water a computer simulation model. Environ Res 56 90-108. 

Wallace LA. 1989. The total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study An analysis of exposures, sources, and risks associated with four volatile organic chemicals. J Am Coll Toxicol... 

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