Meat consumption

When the Myco-protein project was planned in the 1960s it was assumed the product would form a valuable protein source, needed to meet expected protein shortages. By the early 1980s, when the project had reached production, the protein shortage had not developed (at least in Europe). However, dietary habits had changed, and there was a move away from meat consumption to other healthier foods. There was also a move towards convenience foods such as deep-frozen prepared meals. It was to these markets that Myco-protein was directed. 

Although there are many failed attempts to determine even relative measures of meat eonsumption, the disappointment is not due to any failure of strontium to reflect diet but to an unwarranted expectation that bone strontium should necessarily reflect meat consumption. The frustration with efforts to draw paleodietary inferences stems from simplistically equating Sr/Ca ratios with plant/meat ratios and to the inappropriate use of elements not... 

Meat consumption rate)(Fraction fat in meat)(guideline value)... 

To fill this gap we specifically focused on the effect of red meat consumption (Havlicek and Lenochova 2006). We asked 8 male odour donors to adopt for two weeks a diet containing daily portions of meat, and 9 subjects to adopt a similar diet with a non-meat alternative. For the first ten days they were given a list of meals they should eat. The list of dishes for the two groups differed only by inclusion of... 

Havlicek, J. and Lenochova, P. (2006) The effect of meat consumption on body odour attractiveness. Chem. Senses 31, 753-759. 

V American dietitians and members of the medical community have ridiculed low-carbohydrate diets as quackery for the past thirty years, while extolling a diet that cuts down on fat, limits meat consumption, and relies on carbohydrates as its staple. Many Americans are famil-(V iar with the food pyramid promoted by the U.S. government, with its foundation of carbohydrates such as breads, rice, and pasta, and its apex allotted to fats, oils, and sweets. Adhering to the government s... 

The total titratable acidity (TTA) of the urine varied significantly between the two dietary periods, P<0.02. During the soy period, the TTA ranged from 10 to 50 mEq/d. Meat consumption was accompanied by an increase in the TTA values which ranged from 15 to 70 mEq/d, Figure 1. 

Meat consumption was accompanied by more sulfate output in the urine. This agrees with earlier feeding studies in which animals were fed any of several fixed acids which had been reported to result in increased calcium loss (13, 17). Feeding hydrochloric acid, Goto (17)showed that calcium carbonate was simultaneously lost from the bones of rabbits. A similar conclusion was drawn by Steenbock, et al. (13) who demonstrated a loss of both calcium and phosphorus mediated by hydrochloric acid. These data were consistent with the sulfate infused dog. In the dog, Walzer and Browder (15) showed that sulfate feeding increased calcium losses along with sulfate loss. This confirmed results that Lamb and Evvard (32) reported for the Pig-... 

Relationship of Meat Consumption to the Age-Standardized Relative Risk of Death From Coronary Disease and All Other Causes Among California Adventist Men age 35-64,... 

There is a striking relationship between the levels of meat consumption in different countries and the rates of colon cancers in those countries. But does that observation alone establish that meat consumption is causative Is this type of information, of itself, a sufficient basis for public health authorities to recommend that the citizens of high risk countries such as New Zealand and the United States, for example. 

First, there is no way to know whether, within each country, those groups of people who eat more meat exhibit greater rates of colon cancer than those who eat less or even no meat. Data concerning total or average meat consumption provide no clues about how that consumption is distributed among members of the population moreover, the distribution patterns in different countries are surely variable. The data are also uninformative on the question of duration of meat consumption - they do not reveal whether rates rise with increasing duration of meat intake. 

Perhaps meat consumption is related to some other factor and it is that other factor that is the real culprit. Do heavy meat eaters consume more alcohol than those who consume less Do heavy meat eaters consume less fiber Even if the latter were true, and we were to construct a figure relating fiber intake to colon cancer, and found that country rates went up as fiber intake declined, we would still fall short of demonstrating causal links between decreased fiber consumption and increased colon cancer rates. 

The latter option has been opposed, however, by sections of the veterinary drug and meat industry for several reasons. One reason is that the probability of meat consumption from an injection site is estimated to occur only once in the... 

California Adventists, Non-Adventists and All USA Whites, Compared to Their Meat Consumption ... 

Example 2. The Cancer Prevention Cohort Study (CPS II) mortality cohort consists of 1.2 million adults residing in 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Individuals in this cohort completed self-administered questionnaires in 1982 with information on race, diet, exercise, medical history, and other lifestyle factors. Findings on the relationship between colorectal cancer and meat consumption on a subset... 

Example 2 (continued). In the cohort study conducted by Chao et al. (2005), RRs to measure the association between meat consumption and the risk of colorectal or rectal cancer were calculated using a regression model. Part of the study focused on long-term meat consumption, which was assessed by measuring meat consumption in 1982 and in 1992/1993. Individuals who were in the highest quintile of meat intake in both 1982 and 1992/1993 were compared to individuals in the lowest quintile for both those time periods. Long-term consumption of red meat (high intake)... 

Example 3 (continued). Butler et al. also addressed the issue of selection bias in the case-control study on meat consumption. In this study, there was a 16% greater response rate among cases and they could not exclude the possibility of bias in their study. 

Examples of Biomarkers of Exposure. In the studies described in Section 26.1, biomarkers were not used to measure meat consumption or HCA intake. In the case-control study reported by Butler et al. (Example 1.3), HCA intake was assessed... 

---