Shoe polishes

Stiefel, m. boot case, barrel, tube, -lack, m. shoe polish, -schwltrze, -wichse, /. shoe blacking. 

Colorless odorless crystals. Weapons grade material is a dark brown, thick, viscous, semisolid resembling shoe polish. It has in the past been used industrially as a wood preservative, pesticide, and herbicide for cacti. 

P.R.12 is also employed in a series of special applications, such as automotive cleaners, floor polish, shoe polish, etc., and it is frequently used to color office articles and leather. 

Clear, light yellow to brown, oily liquid with an almond-like or shoe polish odor. May darken on exposure to air. An experimentally determined odor threshold concentration of 4.7 ppbv was reported by Leonardos et al. (1969). A detection odor threshold concentration of 9.6 mg/m (1.9 ppmv) was determined by Katz and Talbert (1930). 

Uses Solvent for cellulose ethers modifying esterification of cellulose acetate ingredient of metal polishes and shoe polishes manufacture of aniline, benzidine, quinoline, azobenzene, drugs, photographic chemicals. 

Uses. Solvent for naphthalene, fats, resins, oils alternate for turpentine in lacquers, shoe polishes, and waxes component in motor fuels and lubricants... 

Some people find the effects of solvents on the nervous system desirable and purposely inhale (sniff) solvents to induce a form of intoxication. In the United States approximately 15% of high school students have tried solvent inhalation at least once. Solvents suitable for inhalation and abuse are common in the home. Home products that may contain solvents include paints, paint remover, varnishes, adhesives, glues, degreasing and cleaning agents, dyes, printing ink, floor and shoe polishes, waxes, pesticides, drugs, cosmetics, and fuels, just to name a few (Table 11.1). 

Use of a shoe polish imparts high gloss, maintains the supple hand of the leather (qv), and increases the weather resistance of the leather (3,57—59). Three general types of polishes are produced solvent pastes, self-polishing liquids, and emulsion creams. Solvent pastes represent ca 60% of the market (58). 

According to U.S. Census Data, the value of polishing preparations and related products shipped from U.S. factories in 1987 was 798 million in factory sales, a 23% increase from 1982 (67). These sales included 155.3 million in furniture polish, 245.2 million in floor polish, 185.1 million in automotive polish, 81.1 million in metal polish, and 42.8 million in shoe polish. Industry estimates for retail sales as of 1994 involving furniture polish were that this category remained flat at 197 million (68). Retail shoe polish sales remained constant at 200 million household floor polish sales declined about 7% in 1993, whereas institutional floor wax and polish sales have grown at an annual rate of 2—2.5% to 370 million (69). In 1992 and 1993, automotive polish sales increased about 40% a year with the advent of colored car polishes to 240 million, but were flat in 1994. 

The leading manufacturers in the polish categories are S. C. Johnson Son, Inc., Reckitt Coleman, Sara Lee, Scotts Liquid Gold, Turde Wax, and Alberto Culver for furniture polishes S. C. Johnson Son, Inc. and L F Products for household door polishes S. C. Johnson Son, Inc., Pioneer-Eclipse, Spartan Chemical, Hillyard Chemical Co., and Butcher Co. for industrial and institutional door polishes Turde Wax, Armor All, First Brands, Kit Products of Northern Labs, Meguiies, Blue Coral, and Nu-Finish for automotive polishes and Kiwi for shoe polishes (68—72). 

Oil of lurpeiiline is used principally as a solvent for paints and varnishes, because it mixes readily with the various substances used and also because it evaporates quickly, causing the paint or varnish to dry, It is also used in making such things as sealing wax and shoe polish. Very pure grades of turpentine (the oleoresin) are used medicinally. 

According to Ref 2, camphor oil is a col, natural oil with characteristic odor, d 0.870 -1.040, nD 1.465-1.481 at 20° sol in eth, chlf insol in ale its chief constituents are pinene, camphor, cineol, phellandrene, dipentene, safrol eugenol. Derived by distg the wood of the Cinamonum camphora and separating the oil from solid camphor. Used as substitute for turpentine oil in varnishes, cheap soaps, shoe polishes, etc... 

Sodium orthophenyl phenate remains an important ingredient in the treatment of cooling waters. Both orthophenyl and its sodium salt have a wide spectmm of preservative use, including caulks, construction products, and leather processing. Similady, zra-chloro-z /tf-xylenol is used to preserve a number of water-based goods, including inks (qv), emulsions, and shoe polish, in addition to providing mold resistance to leather. 

The 2000 National Household Survey on Dmg Abuse, a SAMHSA project, found that 8.9% of youths aged 12 to 17—about 2.1 million adolescents—had used inhalants at some time in their lives. In this same age group, 3.9% had used glue, shoe polish, or toluene and 3.3% reported using gasoline or lighter fluid. 

Shoe polish Aliphatic hydrocarbons, branched alkanes, 8 cycloalkanes, C2-C4-benzenes... 

Figure 15.2 Volatile ingredients of different household products. A paint remover, B furniture polish, C shoe polish. (1) aliphatic hydrocarbons (C9-C32) (2) cycloalkanes ...

Organic components of polishes are widespread. Thus most products emit complex VOC mixtures that may consist of alkanes, various alcohols, acetates, C2-C4-benzenes, terpenes and derivatives of naphthalene. This is illustrated by the range of compounds emitted by a furniture polish (Figure 15.2b) and a shoe polish (Figure 15.2c). Many modern floor waxes are based on natural ingredients like alkyd resins. On oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids, volatile aliphatic aldehydes (C5-C11) with unpleasant smell (Ruth, 1986) are formed and the emission rates may remain at high levels over months and even years (Salthammer, 1999). 

Fat- and oil-soluble dyes are used on a large scale in a wide variety of industrial sectors. The main fields of application are the coloration of products in the mineral oil and plastics industries, as well as of wax products (e.g., candles, shoe polishes, floor polishes). 

Basic azines are predominantly of historical interest. Yellow, red, brown, blue, and black shades can be obtained with these dyes. Today, Nigrosine Spirit Soluble is still used in shoe polish and creme. The sulfonated variety is applied as a leather dye. It is a polymeric dye containing phenazine ring systems, similar to Aniline Black. C.I. SolventBlack 5, 50415 [11099-03-9] (Nigrosine, spirit-soluble) C.I. Solvent Black 7, 50415 1 [8005-02-5] (4) is the free base. 

Nitrobenzene is a pale yellow oily liquid (mp, 5.7°C bp, 211°C) with an odor of bitter almonds or shoe polish. It is produced mainly for the manufacture of aniline. It can enter the body through all routes and has a toxicity rating of five. Its toxic action is much like that of aniline, including the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which deprives tissue of oxygen. Cyanosis is a major symptom of nitrobenzene poisoning. 

Uses Nitrobenzene is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It has been used extensively in a variety of industries, (e.g., the manufacture of aniline dyes and soaps, as solvent for paints, for refining lubricating oils, as shoe polish, floor polish, dressings for leather products, the manufacture of explosives). 

Dick s Encyclopedia of Practical Recipes and Processes was first published in 1872. It details methods for making everything from deadly poisons to high explosives, narcotics, shoe polish, all the most popular patent medicines of the day and ketchup. 

Much of the information about the harmful effects of organic solvents comes from studies of industrial exposure, although toluene abuse through sniffing of glues and other household sources of solvents (acrylic paints, adhesive cements, aerosol paints, lacquer thinners, shoe polish, typewriter correction fluids, varnishes, and fuels) has also been widely reported. 

Figure 1.1 Inhalants are the fourth most popular drug of abuse among high-school students. In 2000, more than 2 million Americans aged 12 to 17 had used inhalants at least once in their lifetime. In this graph, the inhalants are grouped by type. Volatile solvents were the most popular type of inhalant used, with 3.9% of individuals inhaling glue, shoe polish, or toluene.

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