Miscellaneous Products

Miscellaneous Natural and Endogenous Products Miscellaneous Structures from the Proprietary Literature... 

Paints, enamels, lacquers, japans, other liquid products Miscellaneous uses... 

The various types of compounds which have been purified with peroxygens and which will be discussed here are petroleum products, miscellaneous organic chemicals, surfactants, natural oils, waxes and gums, natural sugars and starches, synthetic polymers, inorganic acids and salts, clays, talc and minerals. 

Some of the data issued by the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, will be of interest to those concerned with statistics of the plastics industry. In the Census of Manufactures—1947 there is a section on industrial organic chemicals 22) and one on plastics products miscellaneous manufactures 23). Each section is available as a separate publication. The former includes statistics on the plastics materials industry while the latter concerns the plastics products industry. Presented in each section are data on employment, pay rolls, value added by manufacture, value of shipments, cost of raw materials, expenditures for plants and equipment, and other categories. The next complete census of manufactures will be made in 1954 to cover 1953. An annual survey is published 25) j but the information is not nearly as comprehensive as that in the Census of Manufactures. ... 

Census of Manufactures—1947. MC39D. Plastic Products Miscellaneous Manufactures, ... 

No Name Boiling point X Melting point X "d Df Bromine addition product Miscellaneous... 

No Name Boiling poini, c Melting point, c d Density g/ml Data for Ihe corresponding amine obtained on reduciion of all nitro groups Nitration product Miscellaneous... 

Data on sterility and analytical controls Bioavailability and bioequivalence information Information abont raw materials and finished products Miscellaneous information on the quality of the drug or medication... 

Chemicals and allied products Food and kindred products Miscellaneous business services Petroleum refining Primary metals Other private industry Total... 

The preparation of a number of miscellaneous acids is described. m-Nitrobenzoic acid. Although m-nitrobenzoic acid is the main product of the direct nitration of benzoic acid with potassium nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid, the complete separation of the small quantity of the attendant para isomer is a laborious process. It is preferable to nitrate methyl benzoate and hydrolyse the resulting methyl w-nitrobenzoate, which is easily obtained in a pure condition ... 

Miscellaneous Atomization Methods A few elements may be atomized by a chemical reaction that produces a volatile product. Elements such as As, Se, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Te, and Pb form volatile hydrides when reacted with NaBH4 in acid. An inert gas carries the volatile hydrides to either a flame or to a heated quartz observation tube situated in the optical path. Mercury is determined by the cold-vapor method in which it is reduced to elemental mercury with SnCb- The volatile Hg is carried by an inert gas to an unheated observation tube situated in the instrument s optical path. 

Miscellaneous Natural Abrasives. Powdered feldspar [68476-25-5] is used as a mild abrasive in cleansing powders, and clays are sometimes used in polishing powders. StauroHte [12182-56-8] is a complex hydrated aluminosiHcate of kon, of high density (3.74—3.83 g/mL) and a hardness of 7 to 8 on Mohs scale. It is primarily used as a sandblasting grit, but siHcosis hazards had cut production in 1987 about 25% compared to that... 

Miscellaneous Reactions. Sodium bisulfite adds to acetaldehyde to form a white crystalline addition compound, insoluble in ethyl alcohol and ether. This bisulfite addition compound is frequendy used to isolate and purify acetaldehyde, which may be regenerated with dilute acid. Hydrocyanic acid adds to acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkaU catalyst to form cyanohydrin the cyanohydrin may also be prepared from sodium cyanide and the bisulfite addition compound. Acrylonittile [107-13-1] (qv) can be made from acetaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid by heating the cyanohydrin that is formed to 600—700°C (77). Alanine [302-72-7] can be prepared by the reaction of an ammonium salt and an alkaU metal cyanide with acetaldehyde this is a general method for the preparation of a-amino acids called the Strecker amino acids synthesis. Grignard reagents add readily to acetaldehyde, the final product being a secondary alcohol. Thioacetaldehyde [2765-04-0] is formed by reaction of acetaldehyde with hydrogen sulfide thioacetaldehyde polymerizes readily to the trimer. 

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Miscellaneous, eg, ovens, exposed steam pipes, use of exhaust hoods Temperature of product entering space... 

Miscellaneous Pharmaceutical Processes. Solvent extraction is used for the preparation of many products that ate either isolated from naturally occurring materials or purified during synthesis. Among these are sulfa dmgs, methaqualone [72-44-6] phenobarbital [50-06-6] antihistamines, cortisone [53-06-5] estrogens and other hormones (qv), and reserpine [50-55-5] and alkaloids (qv). Common solvents for these appHcations are chloroform, isoamyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and methylene chloride. Distribution coefficient data for dmg species are important for the design of solvent extraction procedures. These can be determined with a laboratory continuous extraction system (AKUEVE) (244). 

Miscellaneous. Hydrochloric acid is used for the recovery of semiprecious metals from used catalysts, as a catalyst in synthesis, for catalyst regeneration (see Catalysts, regeneration), and for pH control (see Hydrogen-ION activity), regeneration of ion-exchange (qv) resins used in wastewater treatment, electric utiUties, and for neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials. In addition, hydrochloric acid is also utilized in many production processes for organic and inorganic chemicals. 

Miscellaneous. The reaction products of sahcylaldehyde with certain compounds containing active methylene groups, eg, acetylacetone, are excellent uv absorbers. Films containing these compounds can be used as uv filters to protect light-sensitive foods, wood products, paper, dyes, fibers, and plastics (95). 

Experimental procedures have been described in which the desired reactions have been carried out either by whole microbial cells or by enzymes (1—3). These involve carbohydrates (qv) (4,5) steroids (qv), sterols, and bile acids (6—11) nonsteroid cycHc compounds (12) ahcycHc and alkane hydroxylations (13—16) alkaloids (7,17,18) various pharmaceuticals (qv) (19—21), including antibiotics (19—24) and miscellaneous natural products (25—27). Reviews of the microbial oxidation of aUphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (qv) (28), monoterpenes (29,30), pesticides (qv) (31,32), lignin (qv) (33,34), flavors and fragrances (35), and other organic molecules (8,12,36,37) have been pubflshed (see Enzyp applications, industrial Enzyt s in organic synthesis Elavors AND spices). 

The quahty of naphthalene required for phthaUc anhydride manufacture is generally 95% minimum purity. The fixed plants do not require the high (>98%) purity naphthalene product and low (<50 ppm) sulfur. The typical commercial coal-tar naphthalene having a purity ca 95% (freezing point, 77.5°C), a sulfur content of ca 0.5%, and other miscellaneous impurities, is acceptable feedstock for the fixed-bed catalyst process based on naphthalene. 

Miscellaneous. Ruthenium dioxide-based thick-film resistors have been used as secondary thermometers below I K (92). Ruthenium dioxide-coated anodes ate the most widely used anode for chlorine production (93). Ruthenium(IV) oxide and other compounds ate used in the electronics industry as resistor material in apphcations where thick-film technology is used to print electrical circuits (94) (see Electronic materials). Ruthenium electroplate has similar properties to those of rhodium, but is much less expensive. Electrolytes used for mthenium electroplating (95) include [Ru2Clg(OH2)2N] Na2[Ru(N02)4(N0)0H] [13859-66-0] and (NH 2P uds(NO)] [13820-58-1], Several photocatalytic cycles that generate... 

Miscellaneous. Chloroplatinic acid is used in the production of automobile catalysts. Platino-type prints based on reduction of Pt(II) to Pt(0) by a photosensitive reducing agent such as iron(III) oxalate are used in art photography (261,262). Infrared imaging devices based on a platinum siLicide detector have been developed (263). 

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