ASTM methods, list

Karl Fischer titration is specified for use in plasticizers. The method determines free and Itydration water in solid and liquid samples. In most cases, automatic titration is used and this is the main subject of standard but manual titration method is also included in the appendix. The sample containing a maximum of 100 mg of water is dissolved in a suitable solvent and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent which consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, organic base, and solvent. The titration end-point is determined amperometrically. The ASTM method lists numerous substances in which the presence of water can be determined. There is also a list of substances which interfere with measurements. 

Tear strength is an important property measured for quality control by blown film processors. There are various methods of measuring tear strength in film, as seen by the multiple ASTM methods listed above. These focus on the resistance to either the initiation of a tear (rupture) or the propagation of an existing tear. 

See 2-3.1. Typical laboratory conductivity meters have insufficient sensitivity to measure semiconductive and nonconductive liquids, in Appendix B, some tabulated conductivities appear as < suggesting that the instmment used was inappropriate. Some liquids listed as conductive might fall instead into the semiconductive category (e.g., cymene). Eor conductivities less than 100 pS/m especially, highly sensitive picoammeters are required to measure the small currents involved and great care is needed to avoid contamination of both the sample and the test cell. Several ASTM methods are available according to the conductivity range involved [143-146]. 

Typical ASTM methods for analyzing the Cg aromatic isomers are listed in Table 9. 

This well-known standard, covering a large number of test mediods, was finally cancelled on April 5, 1990. The "A revision was issued January 4,1982. The cancellation provides a cross-reference table to test methods now covered by ASTM methods and lists those methods cancelled without replacement. 

ASTM method D1615 may be used to estimate the concentration of ethylene glycol and glycerol in an aqueous medium. Though this method was withdrawn in 2004, it is still a method that could give a good result when no alternatives are available. A brief description of the modified method is listed below ... 

The ASTM test method lists requirements to test specimens, water, to a balance and precision of its measurements, to cage, wire, sinker, and so on. The method recommends to conduct the test at water temperature of 23 2°C. 

A more detailed listing of these ASTM methods is given at the end of this paper. The criteria suggested by the Asphalt Institute (5) and Shell (I, 2) for asphaltic concrete (A/C) under heavy, moderate, and light traffic conditions were used to evaluate these test results. Table III lists recommended test values (5) for conventional A/C mixes deemed necessary to withstand light, medium, or heavy traffic. 

In recent several years, many EPA and ASTM methods have been modified (such as the modified EPA method 8015, 8260 and 8270 and the modified ASTM methods 3328-90, 5037-90 and 5739-95) to improve specificity and sensitivity for measuring spilled oil and petroleum products in soils and waters by environmental chemists. For example, EPA Method 8270 has been modified to increase analytical sensitivity and to expand the analyte list to include petroleum specific compounds such as the alkylated PAHs, sulfur, and nitrogen containing PAHs, and biomarker triterpane and sterane compounds. The principal modification to EPA Method 8270 is the use of the high resolution GC-MS selected ion mode (SIM) analysis that olfers increased sensitivity relative to the full scan mode. Many environmental laboratories have used the modified EPA Method 8270, combined with column cleanup and rigorous QA measures, to identify and quantify low levels of hydrocarbons. 

A list of alloys for which fatigue crack growth rates were measured is shown in Table I. Included are the material forms, chemical analyses heat treatments, and specimen orientations, according to the ASTM Method E 399-74 notation [% One of the Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloys contained too much hydrogen (173 ppm) to qualify as an extra-low-interstitial (ELI) grade this material is referred to in the text as a low-interstitial alloy. The compact specimen geometry was chosen because it is standardized and much experience has been accumulated with it. Constant-load... 

This chapter hrst discusses in a general manner the various types of testing carried out in adhesive joints. Only the more important types are covered. Following this discussion, a compilation of 53 subject areas is listed, with all relevant ASTM methods and practices and SAE Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARPs). Chapter 12 provides fairly detailed discussions of the contents of each method or practice, with two exceptions. 

After the adhesive is cured, the joint area can be inspected to detect gross flaws or defects. This inspection procedure can be either destructive or non-destructive, as discussed in Section 12.1. Destructive testing generally involves placing samples of the production run in simulated or accelerated service and determining if it has properties similar to a specimen that is known to have a good bond and adequate service performance. The causes and remedies for a number of faults revealed by such mechanical tests are described in Table 12.1. Most of the destructive (mechanical) tests that can be carried out on adhesive bonds are listed in Section 12.2.1.1 (ASTM methods for mechanical properties). Non-destructive tests are far more economical, and every assembly can be tested, if desirable. ... 

Relevant ISO Standards covering compliance testing are listed in 7.2 of this EUROCOMP Handbook. In general, they cover the behaviour of test samples, either specially made or cut from the component, and not the behaviour of the component itself. (Some component tests are included in ASTM methods, see appendix to this chapter.) Thus it will be necessary to agree appropriate tests to be carried out, bearing in mind the size of the component and its intended use. As discussed before, all testing should be carried out under an approved quality scheme. 

Because flammability depends as much on the fire conditions as on the material, there are many standard tests to measure flammability. In the United States alone over 100 tests are used to evaluate the reaction of plastics to fire. ASTM D3814 lists standard combustion test methods. 

Frequency Dependencies in Transition Studies. The choice of a testing frequency or its effect on the resulting data must be addressed. A short discussion of how frequencies are chosen and how they affect the measurement of transitions is in order. Considering that higher frequencies induce more elasticlike behavior, there is some concern that a material will act stiffer than it really is if the test frequency is chosen to be too high. Frequencies for testing are normally chosen by one of three methods. The most scientific method would be to use the frequency of the stress or strain that the material is exposed to in the real world. However, this is often outside of the range of the available instrumentation. In some cases, the test method or the industry standard sets a certain frequency and this frequency is used. Ideally a standard method like this is chosen so that the data collected on various commercial instruments can be shown to be compatible. Some of the ASTM methods for TMA (thermomechanical analysis) and DMA are listed in Table 1. Many industries have their own standards so it is important to... 

Much of plastics testing is done by methodology developed and validated in-house by analytical scientists to meet specific needs. There are also a large number of official testing methods developed by agencies such as the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). A reference list of ASTM methods used for analysis of plastic and plastic-related materials is included as an appendix at the end of this book. 

All ASTM Methods have titles of the form Standard Test Method(s) for. .These words are omitted in the following list, which includes all methods for the analysis of surfactants, excluding soaps and soap products and the determination of non-surfactant constituents. All these Methods are in the Annual Book of ASTM Methods, Section 15, Volume 15.04, apart from Methods D 2071 to D 2080 inclusive, which are in the same Book, Section 6, Volume 6.03. 

According to ASTM requirements 90% of the carbon of the test materials must be assimilated by the compost microorganisms as dociunented by measuring CO2 production, within a six month period, extendable to one year if radiolabelled carbon is used. Moreover, disintegration of the film or article of the use thickness such that less than 10% of the material remains on a 10 mesh screen after sieving must be proved. Safety of compost must be proved by testing phyto- or ecotoxicity using methods listed in the Standard. 

It can also be recovered by catalytic dehydrogenation of mixed C4 streams. Analysis of the main impurities resulting from the isolation of butadiene is covered in ASTM method D2593 (19). Eight possible columns or column combinations are suggested for this analysis (Table 13.5). Carson et al. (120) have indicated that a somewhat faster and more complete analysis can be obtained through the use of another column system. They utilized a dibutyl maleate column followed by one with bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl ether as the liquid phase. As shown in Figure 13.50, all the components listed in Table 13.6 can be determined. This column was found to be useful in the analysis of butadiene plant streams for process control. 

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). Suggested column configurations indicated in ASTM methods are listed in Table 3.18. 

PFA polymers are fully fluorinated and melt processible. They have chemical resistance and thermal stability comparable to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Melt viscosity of PFA is over one million times lower than PTFE. Perfluoroalkoxy resins are in general copolymers of tetrafiuoroethylene with one or more of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether comonomers. Commercial examples of the latter include perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE), perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), and perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE). PFA resins are specified by ASTM Method D3307, which also provides procedures or references to other ASTM methods for the measurement of resin properties. Commercial PFA resins offered by major manufacturers have been listed in Tables 6.1 through 6.7. 

Table 1.3 lists many ASTM methods of measurement for the properties of most interest to users of ceramics. 

ASTM have developed a wide range of standards covering all aspects of adhesives and bonding technology. Tests conducted to ASTM methods are widely quoted by adhesive manufacturers and in research, design and development studies (property data to a stated specification). Those standards listed here have been selected for their relevance to structural bonding applications. For a comprehensive list of ASTM standards, refer to ... 

The PPI procedure, after some refinement, was issued as an ASTM method in 1969 (ASTM D2837). The PPI adopted a policy document for PPTs listing service in 1968, which remained under PPI jurisdiction [25]. 

Gas chromatography (GC) has become a primary technique for determining hydrocarbon impurities in individual aromatic hydrocarbons and the composition of mixed aromatic hydrocarbons. Although a measure of purity by GC is often sufficient, GC is not capable of measuring absolute purity not all possible impurities will pass through the GC column, and not all those that do will be measured by the detector. Absolute purity is best measured by distillation range or freeze or solidification points. Despite this caveat, GC is a standard, widely used technique and is the basis of many current ASTM Committee D16 test methods for aromatic hydrocarbons. Most of these methods, listed below, were written with, or converted to, fused silica capillary columns. 

Table I indicates possible composition ranges and ASTM methods for 1,3-butadiene pr uct. Table 2 lists other test methods known or believed to be in use. 

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