Revealed fault

Prospecting involves aerial reconnaissance of the area to reveal faults and anticlines. Promising areas are examined by coring before final drilling. 

For the sake of simplicity the analyses are confined to safe, revealed faults and dangerous, unrevealed faults. 

In general, self diagnostic tests are assumed to be 90% effective at revealing faults in the areas of circuitry which they cover. For each module, coverage by all relevant tests is taken into account to derive the percentages of faults revealed within 10s, within 18 hours and at 3 months. These percentages are combined to calculate the required mean times to fault detection. 

Here three types of encounters are defined Converging, Head-on, and Overtaking as illustrated in Fig. 2. Note they are different from the encounters defined by our simulation as illustrated in Fig. 1, which we think wiU help in revealing faults. SVO defines a way to selectively avoid the other UAV(s) by defining three manoeuvre... 

We have described a safety validation approach for SAA algorithms using multi-agent simulation and evolutionary search. Through experiments we have shown that our approach can reveal faults that random simulation takes a long time to find, and thus that our approach may accelerate the safety vaUdation process. In the process, we found some safety issues with the SVO algorithm. 

Here s a simple example of the covert failure problem. The output stage of the PLC operates a fail-safe solenoid or motor trip relay. It may have to stay energized for weeks but we won t know if it is shorted until it has to trip the function. This is an unrevealed fail to danger condition or covert fault . The broken wire fault is an overt fault or revealed fault, which will fail to a safe (off) state but creates a nuisance trip . 

Also known as revealed faults because these are faults that become known as soon as they occur. A simple example is a wire break on a sensor connection that is normally carrying signal. Another would be a coil bum-out on a normally closed tripping relay. 

Detected dangerous failure (a fault that is potentially dangerous but is detected by the system diagnostics, see revealed fault). 

Overt Fault Fault that can be classified as announced, detected, revealed, etc. 

The oscillogram also reveals the following vital information for an interrupting device, if used in the circuit, to make or break on fault ... 

A study of various systems has revealed that the load angle for an uncompensated line should be maintained at about 30° only. This means that an uncompensated line may be loaded to just nearly half its steady-state level to retain a high level of stability during load fluctuations, particularly during light loads or load rejections, switching of large inductive loads or any type of minor or major line fault. 

Bad laboratory analyses are not always the fault of the laboratory.. Sampling plays a big role. One plant superintendent investigated every instance of suspect analyses in his plant using elaborate around-the-clock methods over a considerable period. His results revealed that over one half of the bad analyses were not the fault of the laboratory. We are all human and bad analyses will result from time to time. Rather than resubmit samples, it may be well to spend a few minutes using the following methods as referees to evaluate the reasonableness of the results. 

The faults described above are largely self-revealing and most of them can be corrected or improved without a great deal of expenditure. The presence of separate metering devices should give an immediate indication of the savings made. 

A weakness of the development in the literature up to now has been that too much effort has been concentrated on the helium problem, whereas more complicated systems have been only scarce-ly treated. The reason is obvious it is much easier to test a new method for treating correlation on the ground state of helium, and if the method fails on this simple system, it will certainly not work on a more complicated system either. In treating energy differences in many-electron systems, simple methods will often produce results in excellent agreement with experiment owing to a fortuitous cancellation of errors, but a test on helium will then often reveal the faults of the approach. Even in the future, one can therefore expect that the helium problem will be paid a great deal of interest. 

Similar to PbSe, the controlled growth of lead telluride, PbTe, on (111) InP was demonstrated from aqueous, acidic solutions of Pb(II) and Cd(II) nitrate salts and tellurite, at room temperature [13]. The poor epitaxy observed, due to the presence of polycrystalline material, was attributed to the existence of a large lattice mismatch between PbTe and InP (9%) compared to the PbSe/InP system (4.4%). The characterization techniques revealed the absence of planar defects in the PbTe structure, like stacking faults or microtwins, in contrast to II-VI chalcogenides like CdSe. This was related to electronic and structural anomalies. 

SO that any structural features such as twin or faults can be revealed. For larger particles, In the 20-50% size range, the diffraction pattern may be seen to change as the beam Is moved across the particle. 

Jefferson s studies of the pyroxenoids has added greatly to our application of the way in which, through the intermediary of planar - or planar and Kinke - faults one structure is converted into another (45). And Audier, Jones and Bowen (46) have revealed how unit cell strips of Fe C may be accommodated as extended defects in the Fe C structure. Both these carbidic phases can be readily identified by HREM at the interface of iron catalysts used for the disproportionation of CO (to yield C j+CC ). 

High-resolution lattice images (e.g., Fig. 8(c)) reveal that the platelets are associated neither with dislocation loops nor with either intrinsic or extrinsic stacking faults. The platelets appear to be microcracks in which the separation between adjacent planes of Si atoms over a finite area is increased due to the slight displacement of these atoms from their substitutional lattice sites. From computer simulations, the lattice images are... 

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