Appliance

Adhesives are used widely in the construction of small and large appliances. The appliance market requires fastening, joining and assembly of parts made of a wide variety of substrates. Adhesives for these components must withstand heat or cold, deaden sound, and absorb vibration. 

New applications have developed with the incorporation of more electronic components in appliances. There are continuous demands on adhesive suppliers for higher-performing, more cost-effective adhesives. 

Many appliance applications for adhesives are those adhesives used in the electrical industry for the assembly of motors and pumps. 

Anaerobic threadlockers are used widely in appliances for the locking of screws to secure against vibration loosening. 

Other materials like room temperature-vulcanised (RTV) silicones are frequently used to seal if resistance to heat and flexibility at low temperatures is required. Typical applications include sealing around ovens and stoves and sealing refrigerator doors. 

Electrostatic applications and fire retarding formulations have yet to become the major focus in these apphcations. Only in the USA and Canada is a specific fire rating a requirement. In Europe, fire is still mostly prevented by the design of the electrical circuitry rather than the plastic design. Only in some applications, close to the source of possible fire ignition are some flame retarded plastics used. 

The major impact on this industry comes from two regulations elimination of CFCs from foam production and coming requirement in the USA to reduce power consumption by 33%. These two in combination require better insulation materials and constitute the largest opportunity in this sector. 

Polypropylene (PP) has developed over recent years as the dominant polymer, in volume terms, used by the appliance industry. Before discussing the markets, consumption, applications and properties, it would be worth defining what is included in the appliance industry. The industry can be separated into two product segments. 

Household appliances is a generic term used to refer to the smaller appliances which can be bought as an addition to the kitchen, house or garden. Many of these items have developed over the decades as labour-saving devices and more recently as lifestyle products. Within household appliances there are four groupings, small kitchen appliances floor care appliances personal care appliances and garden appliances. 

Polymers, including PP, are widely used in other consumer electrical goods, such as brown goods and the home computer market. These will not be included in this chapter and the focus will be on household appliances and white goods. 

There are three major world markets for appliances, Europe, North America and Asia, plus some smaller but fast developing areas, such as South America, Africa and the Middle East. There are similarities between the three major markets but also distinct differences in product type and growth rate which thus affects PP and its consumption. The drives which fuel the demand for appliances are numerous but there are several fundamental factors which are common to aU markets  

The North American market is very similar to Europe but in some key areas is more advanced in the drive for cost reduction. 

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Soundproofing in buildings, automobiles, home appliances, for example. 

The changes described above also allowed much easier access to the high voltage cable for routine (6-month) owner directed, service operations, and provided better upper and lower x-ray cabinet and control cabinet ventilation. With the exception of the x-ray tubes, all the individual manufactured components, on all four systems are identical. There are very subtle differences in the warm-up/start-up sequence on the x-ray controllers on the newer systems due to model/year and x-ray tube differences. The last three systems were supplied with environmental type key-boards for the image processors and base-mounted , rather than conduit-mounted exterior warning indicators. The first system was subsequently upgraded to include the better keyboard and the external warning appliances/features. 

The resources are not wasted throueh poor practiees and in adequate equipment and appliances. 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

Threshold voltage. Batteries can only supply low voltages, so for portable appliances the switching voltage or tlireshold voltage must be sufficiently small. 

Polypropylene fibers for use in car pets and automobile tires consum er Items (luggage appliances etc) packaging material... 

Some commercially important cross-linked polymers go virtually without names. These are heavily and randomly cross-linked polymers which are insoluble and infusible and therefore widely used in the manufacture of such molded items as automobile and household appliance parts. These materials are called resins and, at best, are named by specifying the monomers which go into their production. Often even this information is sketchy. Examples of this situation are provided by phenol-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins, for which typical structures are given by structures [IV] and [V], respectively ... 

Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materialsfor Parts in Devices and Appliances, UL-94, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, lU., 1991. 

V. Paschkis and J. Persson, Industrial Electric Furnaces and Appliances, 2nd ed.. Interscience PubUshers, Inc., New York, 1960. 

A Poitiait of tlie U.S. Appliance Industry," Appliance (Sept. 1994). 

PPO-HIPS better processibihty and toughness than PPO, better HDT than PS appliance components, business machine housings 321,322... 

Composites. High molecular weight PPS can be combiaed with long (0.6 cm to continuous) fiber to produce advanced composite materials (131). Such materials having PPS as the polymer matrix have been developed by usiag a variety of reinforcements, including glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers as mat, fabric, and unidirectional reinforcements. Thermoplastic composites based on PPS have found application ia the aircraft, aerospace, automotive, appliance, and recreation markets (see Composite materials, polymer-matrix). 

Acryflc coating powders have achieved some success in Japan utilizing resins having gflcydyl methylacrylate functionality cured with C q—0 2 dicarboxyflc acids (49). Hybrid polyester—acryflc coating powders have also been reported in which an acid functional polyester resin coreacts with a glycidyl-containing acryflc polymer (50). Hydroxyl functional acryflc resins cured with blocked isocyanates have also been available for many years in the United States and achieved some commercial success as appliance finishes. 

Phenohc resins (qv), once a popular matrix material for composite materials, have in recent years been superseded by polyesters and epoxies. Nevertheless, phenohc resins stiU find considerable use in appHcations where high temperature stabiHty and fire resistance are of paramount importance. Typical examples of the use of phenoHc resins in the marine industry include internal bulkheads, decks, and certain finishings. The curing process involves significant production of water, often resulting in the formation of voids within the volume of the material. Further, the fact that phenoHcs are prone to absorb water in humid or aqueous conditions somewhat limits their widespread appHcation. PhenoHc resins are also used as the adhesive in plywood, and phenohc molding compounds have wide use in household appliances and in the automotive, aerospace, and electrical industries (12). 

Special-Purpose Resins, Repair Resins. Fractured acryflc dentures can be repaired with materials similar in composition to cold-cured denture resins. These materials generally cure more rapidly because of the relative simple manipulations involved. The process is quick and there is fltde dimensional change, but the strength of the repaired denture may be only half that of the original appliance (213). Test methods and requirements of these materials are given in ANSI/ADA specification no. 13 for denture cold-curing repair resins. 

Galvanic cells in which stored chemicals can be reacted on demand to produce an electric current are termed primaiy cells. The discharging reac tion is irreversible and the contents, once exhausted, must be replaced or the cell discarded. Examples are the dry cells that activate small appliances. In some galvanic cells (called secondaiy cells), however, the reaction is reversible that is, application of an elec trical potential across the electrodes in the opposite direc tion will restore the reactants to their high-enthalpy state. Examples are rechargeable batteries for household appliances, automobiles, and many industrial applications. Electrolytic cells are the reactors upon which the electrochemical process, elec troplating, and electrowinning industries are based. 

The sufficient selectivity to a principal component is the most important condition determining the possibility of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) practical appliances. In this work, the relationship between the potentiometric selectivity of alkylammonium-selective electrodes and factors such as the nature of plasticizer, ion-exchanger and substitution degree of cationic nitrogen atoms of the principal and foreign ions, is discussed. 

Since the kW developed by a 3-0 winding is 50% more than by a 2-0 winding for the same value of stator current /, the economics of this principle is employed in an induction motor for general and industrial use. As standard practice, therefore, in a multi-phase system, only 3-0 induction motors are manufactured and employed, except for household appliances and applications, where mostly single-phase motors are ttsed. 

These are series motors and are relatively compact and lightweight compared to an a.c. motor. The use of such motors is therefore common for hand tools and home appliances and also for such applications that require a high speed (above 3200 r.p.m.) which is not possible in an a.c. machine. Likely applications are polishers, grinders and mixers. This motor runs equally well on both a.c. and d.c. sources of supply. 

Electronic appliances that are highly susceptible to such effects are, however, provided as standard practice with harmonic filters in their incoming circuits. 

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