Risk limits

Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

A first kind of these insurance products are called "catastrophe bonds" and consist in securitizing environmental risks in bonds, which could be sold to high-yield investors. The catastrophe bonds are able to transfer risk to investors that receive coupons that are normally a reference rate plus an appropriate risk premium. By these products, insurance companies limit risk exposure transferring natural catastrophe risk into the capital markets. In this way, with the involvement of the financial markets, their global size offers enormous potential for insurers to diversify risks. 

The description of the method to be used should include details of all practical precautions which will be taken to limit risk, such as the need for ventilation, minimization of inhalation of particulates or aerosols, using fume cupboards or safety screens, and wearing gloves, laboratory coat, and safety spectacles. Handling procedures, packaging for transit, and disposal of unused reactants or products all need to be considered. 

The United States Pharmacopeia describes a pyrogen test using rabbits as a model (USP, 1995b). This test, which is the standard for limiting risks of a febrile reaction to an acceptable level, involves measuring the rise in body temperature in a group of three rabbits for 3 h after injection of 10 ml of test solution. 

The cost for active remediation of the 8-acre site was judged impractical and not warranted considering the limited risk present. 

Raska et al. (2010) introduced the concept of a risk based method transfer process (which is similar to USP transfer waiver approach). This involves assessing the risk that the sites involved in method transfer could generate non-comparable data either at transfer or subsequently thereafter and assessing the probability of that risk occurring. Thus with constrained resource it is more sensible to focus that resource on either avoidance or mitigation of high risk transfers, whilst accepting the limited risk inherent with a low probability risk scenario. 

Reversible or time-limited risk factors Surgery, trauma, immobilization, estrogen use. 

The tests have to show that they are reproducible, providing comprehensive validation documents showing a good correlation between the tests and the HIMA bacterial challenge test. These provide practical limits with acceptable levels of assurance with limited risk of failing. 

Johnson, B.B., and C. Chess. 2003. How reassuring are risk comparisons to pollution standards and emission limits Risk Anal. 23(5) 999-1007. 

If low participation by smaller bidders is a concern, non-competitive bids could be permitted. A bidder who submits a non-competitive bid is guaranteed to win the desired units in the auction. In a uniform-price auction, the price is simply the market clearing price, while under discriminatory pricing the non-competitive price is an average of the conventional winning bids. Bidders can therefore limit risk by submitting non-competitive bids, particularly in discriminatory auctions.29... 

The ideal trade-off between ensuring a competitive auction with low transactions costs and providing steady liquidity is difficult to judge before we have gained more experience with allowance auctions. If auctions were to be based on experience with electricity markets, then a frequent uniform price auction (e.g. weekly), would allow small participants to directly acquire the allowances they need to cover their emissions in the auction.34 High frequency would ensure that bidders pay a price close to the price on the secondary market at the time of emission, thus limiting risk exposure. In electricity markets this approach has been successfully implemented with low transaction costs (various pool type market designs). 

The presence of transforming proteins that induce the proliferation of different cell lines and that are coded by oncogenes represent a limited risk, as they are secreted in small amounts and are quickly inactivated when administered in vivo (Petricciani, 1988 Lupker, 1998). Analytical tests to assess purity as well as the purification process should be validated to demonstrate the capacity to remove host cell proteins to acceptable levels. Once the lot-to-lot consistency has been demonstrated, the test can... 

They must be of low toxicity and safe in handling and show limited risks in their distributed (nontechnical) use. 

This patient has limited risk factors, however recurrent episodes of wheeze and exposure to cold and exercise may have precipitated the attack. 

Hansson S.O. (1997) Critical Effects and Exposure Limits. Risk Analysis 17(2) 227-236. 

Draft Guidance for Industry on DTCA Allowed broadcast advertisements to contain limited risk and benefit information Required adequate provision for alternative sources of complete labeling information... 

Risk reduction The high frequency of mortality and complications can, however, be reduced markedly. It is possible to limit risks in the positioning of a PVS and in postoperative care by ensuring adherence to fundamental principles. Numerous examinations are called for prior to positioning a PVS as well as for the reinfusion of ascitic fluid, (s. tab. 16.17)... 

Faced with recent crises affecting the public health and the environment (contaminated blood, Creutzfeld-Jacob Syndrome or mad cow disease , etc.), the public powers have decided to reinforce the importance of public administration (evaluation, control, inspection). In addition precautions were undertaken in the national laws (Cour de Cassation 1995) and in the Community law (C.J.C.E. 1996) undertaking to limit risks. Although legislation refers to the EEC, member countries are also considered as the European Union (EU). 

Preparedness Exposure Assessment Occupational Exposure Limits Risk Assessment, Human Health. 

To 10 1C LIMITED RISK - Record individual dose readings - Continue monitoring and update survey - Continue dose control measures - Execute priority tasks only (See note 6)... 

In addition, the design and siting of all the equipment must allow for the intervention of maintenance staff while limiting risks of contamination. 

These considerations lead to the most problematic part of definitions and interpretation of terms the acceptable risk, sometimes also called limit risk. A totally risk free activity, also referred to as zero risk, is feasible only if the activity is not exercised If it has been decided to go for a quantitative risk statement, this is unavoidably accompanied by the request for a scale to enable the assessment of the result. The definition of such a scale presents a subjective decision on the acceptability of risk, which splits the scale into the regions dangerous or hazardous and safe . The value for the limit risk has to be fixed in such a way that it takes into account the acceptability for the damage facing party and at the same time the tolerability from a third parties point of view. With this background it becomes obvious that the definition of a limit risk comes close to a philosophical task on the political field with societal impact. 

For the same reason that decontamination is only moderately important after individuals are exposed to a respirable toxin aerosol, medical personnel are probably at only limited risk from secondary aerosols. Because toxins are not volatile, casualties of a toxin attack can, for the most part, be handled safely and moved into closed spaces or buildings, unless they were very heavily exposed. Prudence dictates, however, that patients be handled as if they were chemical casualties or, at a minimum, that they be washed with soap and water. The risk to medical personnel is of greater concern with some agents. Secondary exposure might be a hazard with very potent bacterial protein toxins, such as botulinum toxin or the staphylococcal enterotoxins. (Note Decontamination and isolation of patients or remains could be much more important and difficult after an attack with a bacteria or virus that replicates within the body.)... 

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