Apples, Pears

The potent odorants identified in two apple varieties with a fruity/green (Elstar) and fruity/sweet/aromatic (Cox Orange) odor are shown in Table 18.29. 

The fruity note in the aroma profile of both varieties is produced by acetic acid esters. On the other hand, there is a decrease in the ethyl esters, which are more odor active than the acetates (cf. 5.3.2.2) and dominate in some other fruits, e. g., oranges and olives. Hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3-nonenal are responsible for the green/apple-like note. (E)-P-Damascenone, which smells of cooked apples, has the highest aroma value in both varieties due to its much lower odor threshold. Eugenol and (E)-anethol contribute to the aniseed-like note which is a characteristic especially of the aroma of the peel of the Cox Orange. 

The aroma of the pear Williams Christ is characterized by esters produced by the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (example in 5.3.2.2) ethyl esters of (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoic acid, (E)-2-octenoic acid, and (Z)-4-decenoic acid, as well as hexyl acetate. In fact, butyl acetate and 

The character impact compound is the raspberry ketone , i. e. l-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-butanone (Vn). Its concentration is 2mg/kg and its odor threshold is 5 pg/kg (water). The starting point for the biosynthesis of VII is the condensation reaction of p-cumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA (cf. Formula 18.38). Additional aroma notes are provided by (Z)-3-hexenol, a- and P-ionone. 

In addition, the ethyl esters of 5-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid should contribute to the aroma. A part of the esters hydrolyzes during cooking and the hydroxy acids released cyclize to the corresponding lactones. 

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Phlonzm is obtained from the root bark of apple pear cherry and plum trees It has the molecular formula C21H24O10 and yields a compound A and D glucose on hydrolysis in the pres ence of emulsin When phlorizin is treated with excess methyl iodide in the presence of potassium carbonate and then subjected to acid catalyzed hydrolysis a compound B is obtained Deduce the structure of phlorizin from this information... 

The next major discovery in this field, which was the result of a joint research effort in 1968 between M and T Chemicals, Inc., and the Dow Chemical Company in the United States (475, 524), was that tricyclo-hexyltin hydroxide ("Plictran ) possesses a very high activity against certain types of mites, and this compound was subsequently introduced by Dow as an acaricide for use on apple, pear, and citrus-fruit trees. A second triorganotin acaricide, bis(trineophyltin) oxide ("Vendex or "Torque ), has recently been introduced by Shell Chemical Company (476). Two other tricyclohexyltin compounds are currently under de-... 

Trichloroethylene has been detected in dairy products (milk, cheese, butter) at 0.3-10 pg/kg (0.3-10 ppb), meat (English beef) at 12-16 ppb, oils and fats at 0-19 ppb, beverages (canned fruit drink, light ale, instant coffee, tea, wine) at 0.02-60 ppb, fruits and vegetables (potatoes, apples, pears, tomatoes) at 0-5 ppb, and fresh bread at 7 ppb (McConnell et al. 1975). Samples obtained from a food processor in Pennsylvania contained trichloroethylene concentrations of 68 ppb in plant tap water, 28 ppb in Chinese-style sauce,... 

Fruits (except citrus and melons) Peach, loquat, kiwi, apple, pear, persimmon, nectarine, apricot, cherry, UME, strawberry, grape, ginkgo nut, chestnut, walnuts... 

Apples, pears, quinces, black chokeberry, mountain ash and medlar... 

Plants (cereals, cotton, potato, citrus, apple, pear, peach, grape, persimmon, apricot, chestnut), soil and water Gas-chromatographic determination [mass spectromet-ric detection (MSD), flame thermionic detection (FTD) or nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD)] for plant materials, water and soil... 

Plants (cucumber, tomato, eggplant, French bean, deep root leek, strawberry, grape, apple, pear, cherry, peach, Unshu orange, Chinese citron, watermelon, persimmon, lemon, kabosu lime, sudachi, small beans and kidney beans), soil and water Gas-chromatographic determination... 

Fruits Strawberry, grape, apple, pear, cherry, peach, unshu orange, Chinese citms, watermelon , persimmon , lemon , kabosu hme , sudachi 0.1 80-98 <6.2 0.002... 

Cabbage, potato, radish (leaf), radish (root), grape, citrus, apple, pear, strawberry, cucurbits, green pepper, eggplant, tomato, green tea (powder), green tea (leachate) and soil... 

Apple, pears, wheat forage, cantaloupe, cucumbers, squash, lettuce, mustard greens, plums, peaches, cherries, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, grapes, radish, carrots, tobacco, oranges, lemons, grapefruits, celery, spinach, cabbage Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)... 

Fenpyroximate exhibits acaricidal and knockdown activities on phytophagous mites, such as Tetranychus urticae Koch (two-spotted spider mite) and Panony-chus citrP in citrus, apple, pear, peach, grape, etc. Fenpyroximate inhibits the mitochondrial NADH-Co Q reductase, which induces a decrease in ATP content and morphological changes in mitochondria and ultimately shows the acaricidal and knockdown activities. ... 

Apple, pear, peach, citrus, grape, strawberry, cucumber, green pepper, eggplant and green tea High-performance liquid chromatographic determination for plant materials... 

Cucumber, egg plant, strawberry, apple, pear, melon, watermelon, peach, mandarin orange, summer orange and soil... 

Apple, pear, orange, peach, strawberry, cabbage, radish, tea and soil... 

In fruit penetration studies 8 pounds of fruit were first thoroughly scrubbed with warm 10% trisodium phosphate solution and then rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Citrus fruits, if depth of penetration into the peel was of interest, were peeled in longitudinal sections with a buttonhook peeler and the albedo or white portion was separated from the flavedo or colored portion. The separated peel was placed in pie tins lined with waxed paper and dried in a forced draft oven at 65° C. for 16 hours. The dried peel was then crushed and steeped for 48 hours in a measured volume of benzene sufficient to cover the sample. If, on the other hand, only the total amount of DDT in the peel was of interest, the fruit was halved and juiced on a power juicer. The pulp was removed, the peel sliced, and the sample dried and treated as before. Thin-skinned fruits, such as apples, pears, and avocados, were peeled with a vegetable peeler, cores or seeds were removed, and the pulp was sliced in thin slices. Pulp and peel were then dried and treated in the same way as the citrus peel. The steeping completed, the samples were filtered through Sharkskin filter paper and the volume of benzene recovered was noted. 

A sample of hops which had been treated with tetraethyl pyrophosphate showed a negative chemical analysis. The plant material was also extracted and the extract added to the drinking water of test animals and sensitive insects. The animals and insects that drank this treated water for several days showed no reaction. With the sensitive insects it would have been possible to detect even a few parts per million. In addition, there have been extensive commercial field applications of the chemical in dust and spray form to crops such as apples, pears, grapes, celery, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and others up to within a few days of harvest there has been no detectable poison residue on any of the crops. The lack of poison residue with use of tetraethyl pyrophosphate is due to the fact that it hydrolyzes within a few hours of application, breaking down into transient nonresidual and nonpoisonous chemicals. Thus it is possible to use tetraethyl pyrophosphate well up to harvest time of food products without danger of residual poison on crops. The fact that the chemical is used in extremely small amounts is a definite advantage in respect to freedom from poison residue. 

Surface residues of DDT and parathion at various times during the season and at harvest were determined for apples, pears, peaches, oranges, and lemons. Low level surface residues of parathion on apples were not carried over into cider. Harvest residues on fresh fruit are distinguished from residues present in food at the time of consumption which are included under the designation ultimate residues. 

The amounts of surface deposits resulting from commercial and experimental applications of DDT and parathion were ascertained on apples, pears, peaches, oranges, and lemons. Applications were made with conventional high pressure spraying equipment, utilizing manually operated guns or semiautomatic booms, and with two types of air blast sprayers. 

These studies were limited to work with navel and Valencia oranges, lemons, grapefruit, apples, pears, and peaches. Preliminary results have also been obtained with avocados, grapes, olives, plums, and certain vegetable crops. 

Pome and Stone Fruits. Following the application of DDT and of parathion as wettable powders in control schedules, neither compound has been recovered from the pulp portions of apples, pears, and peaches. A maximum of six spray applications of DDT wettable powder and four spray applications of parathion wettable powder were involved in these studies. As high as 0.4 p.p.m. of DDT and 1.7 p.p.m. of DDT were found in the pulp of apple and pear fruits, respectively, following seasonal treatments with five to six applications of DDT formulated in a petroleum oil fraction. 

Removal of DDT and Parathion Residues from Apples, Pears, Lemons, and Oranges... 

Begun in 1944 with DDT and in 1947 with parathion, the present report includes analytical data secured from certain chemical, mechanical, and solvent actions on apples, pears, lemons, and oranges. In the absence of established tolerances for these two insecticidal materials, it is hardly possible to interpret the significance of many of these data with respect to consumer hazard. 

An interesting sideline of the protopectinase problem is the possible action on this purported enzyme of agents which speed up the softening of fruits like apples, pears and peaches upon treatment with ethylene. 

This discussion covers the field only briefly. Numerous diseases and insects have been omitted which are tied more to certain areas. That the problems are important is attested by the fact that citrus production is the largest world-wide fruit-producing industry, while in the United States it exceeds the total of apples, pears, and peaches combined. As citrus is grown so extensively in so many areas where organized research is lacking, technical information is of paramount importance. 

Spring beauty Apple, pear, and plum trees and their ornamental relatives In the genera Malus, Pyrus, and Prunus are some of the first trees to blossom In spring, usually flowering In profusion. This provides a welcome treat not only for the gardener, but also for hungry flying Insects such as bees that have ventured out early In the year. 

In heavy soil in particular, birch, cherry, apple, pear, and plum should be planted no less than 12 ft (4 m) from the house. Ash, false acacia, chestnut, linden, sycamore, maple, and willow trees should be planted no less than 22 ft (7 m) away, while oak and poplar are safest kept at a minimum distance of 40 ft (12 m) from the house or garage. 

Susceptible plants A wide range of woody plants are vulnerable. Some of the most susceptible trees include stone fruits (such as peaches and plums), apples, pears, spruces, maples, poplars, and willows. 

Susceptible plants Apple, pear, hawthorn, and poplar. Some apples, such as Cox s Orange Pippin, Elstar and Gala, are particularly susceptible. More resistant apples include Bramley s Seedling, Lane s Prince Albert and Newton Wonder. Canker is a particular problem on wet, poorly drained soil. 

Witkonton and Ercegovich (1972) studied the transformation of chlordimeform in six different fruits following foliar spray application. They found //-chloro-o-formotoluidide was the only major metabolite identified in apples, pears, cherries, plums, strawberries, and peaches. Chemical/Physical. Reacts with acids forming soluble salts (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). 

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