Willow tree

Sahcyl alcohol [90-01-7] (saligenin, o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) crystallizes from water in the form of needles or white rhombic crystals. It occurs in nature as the bitter glycoside, saUcin [138-52-3] which is isolated from the bark of Salix helix S. pentandra S. praecos some other species of willow trees, and the bark of a number of species of poplar trees such as Folpulus balsamifera P. candicans and P. nigra. 

The most common NSAID is aspirin, or acctylsalicvlic acid, whose use goes back to the late 1800s. It had been known from before the time of Hippocrates in 400 bc that fevers could be lowered by chewing the bark of willow trees. The active agent in willow bark was found in 1827 to be an aromatic compound called salicin, which could be converted by reaction with water into sal- icy I alcohol and then oxidized to give salicylic acid. Salicylic acid... 

No drugs have been a more faithful companion to man throughout his history than salicylates, the forebears of aspirin. About 3,500 years ago the Ebers Papyrus recommended the application of a decoction of leaves of myrtle to the abdomen and back to get rid of rheumatic pains. Hippocrates championed the juices of the poplar tree and willow bark to treat fever and labor pains. These plants and trees are abimdant in compounds derived from salicylic acid, which gets its name from them (in Latin salix is a willow tree). For thousands of years on all continents they have helped to... 

One of the first and most useful medicinal chemicals is aspirin (CgHgO ), also known as acetylsalicylic acid. This painkiller was first trademarked and manufactured in 1899, but a precursor to the drug had been extracted from the bark of willow trees by Hippocrates as early as the 5th century b.c. The pharmaceutical industry has since developed an array of products to alleviate aches and pains, yet aspirin is still prominent on the shelves of drugstores. In pharmacies that dispense prescription drugs, an even wider array of chemicals is sold to help those with diseases ranging from high blood pressure to cancer. 

Our heron s still flying west. The crack in the clouds has widened and gleams of sun are catching a willow-tree top, a spangle of raindrops caught in a spider s web, the rough velvet of the meadow. 

The path widens a little. Mark catches me up and our hands brush, but we don t speak. Willow trees loom over us, and beyond them a single spar of stonework, several stories high, as pale and gray as a ghost. Then, closer, lower walls that hint at chambers... 

Combretastatins are a class of compounds originally derived from the African Willow tree (Combretum caffrum) and are powerful reversible inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. This class of molecules has been shown to bind to the colchicine binding site of tubulin, by the same mode of action as mentioned above (Sect. 1.2). Combretastatins consist of a ris-slilbcnc core structure. To date, there have been several compounds that have shown promise as potential anticancer drugs. However, development of these compounds as anticancer agents is limited by issues of chemical stability, bioavailibilty, toxicity, and solubility. 

It is possible to identify several apparently disconnected themes which led ultimately to the analysis of the chemistry of living cells. Perhaps the first biochemical experiment in Europe may have been that of van Helmont (1579-1644), a physician with a profound interest in chemistry. He grew a willow tree in a weighed amount of earth, watered it for five years and then weighed the earth and the tree again. The... 

Aspirin Extracted from the bark of willow tree, aspirin was used for the treatment of fever. 

In heavy soil in particular, birch, cherry, apple, pear, and plum should be planted no less than 12 ft (4 m) from the house. Ash, false acacia, chestnut, linden, sycamore, maple, and willow trees should be planted no less than 22 ft (7 m) away, while oak and poplar are safest kept at a minimum distance of 40 ft (12 m) from the house or garage. 

During the nineteenth century, chemists had a good deal of success in isolating and purifying natural products from plant sources. Morphine was isolated as a pure compound from crude opium in 1804. Quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree in 1820 and was initially employed as a fever reducer. However, its effectiveness against malaria was soon discovered and it found an alternative highly important medical use. Sodium salicylate was isolated from the bark of the willow tree in 1821 and was also shown to have analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory properties. It took an additional 76 years, until 1897, to synthesize the acetyl derivative, acetylsalicyclic acid, commonly known as aspirin. 

Traditionally, lead compounds have been discovered in one of two ways. The hrst is one of trial and error. This is the way many plant and animal products and minerals have been found to be effective in the treatment of some medical disorder. For example, no one knows when the hrst person learned that chewing on the bark of the willow tree [Salix alba) helped relieve pain and reduce fever, but willow bark has been used in many cultures for untold centuries for just that purpose. Today we know that the active ingredient in willow bark is a derivative of salicylic acid (CgH4(OH)COOH), which today is sold commercially as aspirin or one of its analogs. Drug researchers continue to rely heavily on the study of folk medicines—a science known as ethnopharmacology—for the discovery of new plant and animal products that may have medical applications in the modern world. Indeed, scientists have discovered that the medical... 

Many medicines that we now use and often take for granted were based on the healing properties of plants and other natural sources known to traditional healers. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is a chemically modified form of salicylic acid, a chemical extracted in the early 19 century from willow tree bark, which had been known for centuries to reduce fevers. Today, aspirin is chemically... 

Aspirin Salicylate Analgesic, anti-inflammatory Salix alba (white willow tree) and Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)... 

Deprez, S., Mila, L, and Scalbert, A., Carbon-14 biolabeling of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidin oligomers in willow tree cuttings, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4219, 1999. 

This view is illustrated by Helmonts famous willow tree experiment. A small willow tree weighing five pounds was planted in a tub of earth weighing 200 pounds. For five years nothing was added to the soil but water. At the end of that time, the tree had grown to weigh more than 150... 

Figure 2. Top normalized average relative growth rates of groups of western tent caterpillar larvae raised in the laboratory of leaves from test, nearby control, and far control Sitka willow trees. The test trees were loaded with tent caterpillar colonies on the indicated date. Bottom density of tent caterpillar larvae attacking the...

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