Residues harvesters

Area Crushed cane Potential of Green dry residues harvest (%) Real availability of dry residues Availability of dry bagasse... 

Clearcut postharvest residue volumes were compared to thinning harvest residue volumes for UK upland spruce plantations with 44.7 ODMT/ha )deld volume for clearcut and 18.0 ODMT/ha yield volume for thinned stands [1]. Watson et al. [3] quantified the energy-wood biomass available on two 22-year-old slash pine plantations and a 45-year-old natural stand of mixed slash and loblolly pine in Alabama. All stands were being clearcut for pulpwood. Two harvesting methods were applied, a one-pass system and a two-pass system. Mean residue harvest volume for the two plantation pine stands was 75.4 green metric tons per hectare (GMT/ha) for the natural mature stand the mean harvest volume was 61.5 GMT/ha. 

FIGURE 2.7 Sustainable subfield residue harvest plan that varies the removal rate between... 

Gregg JS, Izaurralde RC. (2010). Effect of crop residue harvest on long-term crop yield, soil erosion and nutrient balance trade-offs for a sustainable bioenergy feedstock. Biofuels, 1, 69-83. 

Forestry wastes and residues Mill wood waste, logging residues, harvesting trees, cleaning land and shrub residues and... 

Juice factories frequently employ field persons to advise growers on the appHcation of sprays to the growing crops so that residues on harvested fmit are within prescribed limits. They also may sample the crop before harvest for analysis, and coordinate harvesting with factory production schedules. Payment for raw materials is frequently based on specifications that are either official government grades or stated market standards. Official graders may be employed to test each load. 

The proper choice and appHcation of an insecticide for pest control are predicated upon factors, eg, the life history and ecology of the pest, the relation of pest population to economic damage, the effect of the insecticide on the pest or its plant or animal host, related organisms in the ecosystem, and proper timing of the appHcation to prevent illegal residues at harvest and to avoid damaging of bees and other pollinating insects. 

Concretes. Concretes are produced by extraction of flowers, leaves, or roots, usually with hydrocarbon solvents. After removal of the solvent by distillation, the concrete is obtained as a thick, waxy residue. Such materials are used in some fine fragrances, but the waxes they contain can give rise to solubihty problems. Eor this reason, concretes are often dissolved in alcohol to make tinctures, or in other low odor diluents. Production of concretes, especially flower concretes, usually takes place where the botanicals are grown since the odors of such materials deteriorate rapidly after harvesting. 

After Flarvest. How do the memory effects shown by the other crops compare with those of winter wheat Winter wheat did not show a memory effect after one year, but oilseed rape does seem to do so. Researchers of the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service found that nitrate production by microbes in the soil after a rape crop increased with the amount of fertilizer given to the crop (R. Sylvester-Bradley, personal communication). One reason may lie in this crop s habit of shedding its leaves as harvest approaches, which means that the microbes in the soil get early access to these residues. This habit might contribute to the apparently smaller efficiency of this crop in using nitrogen fertilizer. The crop may be just as efficient as winter wheat at taking up the fertilizer but drops... 

Figure 12.18 Ribbon diagram showing the a (red) and the P (blue) chains of the light-harvesting complex LH2. Each chain forms one transmembrane a helix, which contains a histidine residue that binds to the Mg atom of one bacteriochlorophyll molecule. (Adapted from G. McDermott et al.. Nature 374 517-521, 1995.)...

A limited degree of control over the corrosivity of the product packed is possible. Minor pH adjustments may be helpful, especially in ensuring an anodic relation of tin to steel corrosion promoters, like nitrate, sulphur and copper may be excluded from necessary additives, such as water and sugar, and from sprays applied to crops approaching harvest. The effect of sulphur compounds which may remain from spray residues is complex but often includes reversal of the tin-iron polarity. 

The bacterial culture converts a portion of the supplied nutrient into vegetative cells, spores, crystalline protein toxin, soluble toxins, exoenzymes, and metabolic excretion products by the time of complete sporulation of the population. Although synchronous growth is not necessary, nearly simultaneous sporulation of the entire population is desired in order to obtain a uniform product. Depending on the manner of recovery of active material for the product, it will contain the insolubles including bacterial spores, crystals, cellular debris, and residual medium ingredients plus any soluble materials which may be carried with the fluid constituents. Diluents, vehicles, stickers, and chemical protectants, as the individual formulation procedure may dictate, are then added to the harvested fermentation products. The materials are used experimentally and commercially as dusts, wettable powders, and sprayable liquid formulations. Thus, a... 

Despite the use of 2.5 million tons of pesticide worldwide, approximately 35% of potential crop production is lost to pests. An additional 20% is lost to pests that attack the food post-harvest. Thus, nearly one-half of all potential world food supply is lost to pests despite human efforts to prevent this loss. Pesticides, in addition to saving about 10% of world food supply, cause serious environmental and public health problems. These problems include human pesticide poisonings fish and bird kills destruction of beneficial natural enemies pesticide resistance contamination of food and water with pesticide residues and inadvertent destruction of some crops. 

Neither endosulfan nor endosulfan sulfate was detected in surveys of the milk supply of the southern region of Ontario, Canada conducted in 1970-1971 and 1973 (Frank et al. 1975). In Burley tobacco, when the crop was harvested immediately after treatment with 0.5 pound/acre of endosulfan, the total endosulfan residue levels (isomers and sulfate) were reported to average 23.2 ppm after curing for 4 months. Average total residues decreased to 2.2 ppm when the time between treatment and harvest was increased to 28 days (Dorough et al. 1973). 

Dikshit AK, Misra SS. 1985. Residues of endosulfan and carbaryl in potato tubers at harvest and after storage. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 13 105-108. 

Among the agricultural chemicals used for the cultivation of tobacco crops we find several amines, amides and carbamates. These include dimethyldodecylamine acetate (Penar), maleic hydra-zide-diethanolamine (MH-30), and carbaryl (Sevin) as a representative of the methyl urethanes (Figure 3 , 14), It is known that small quantities of these agents are found as residues in harvested tobacco (15). To date, only diethanolamine (DELA), the water-solubilizer for maleic hydrazide in MH-30, has been studied as a possible precursor for nitrosamines in tobacco and in tobacco smoke. In 1976, more than 1,400 metric tons of maleic hydrazide had been used on U.S. tobacco (16), most of which had been applied as the MH-30 formulation with diethanolamine (14,16). 

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