Alkyd paint formulation

Semi-gloss alkyd paint formulation, 18 6 It Semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) approaches, 10 436 Semi-IPN (interpenetrating polymer network) hydrogels, 13 733 Semikilled steels, 23 291 Semimoist pet foods, 10 849 Semipermanent cells, 14 228 Semiphorone, 14 583 Semiportable mri system, 23 860-861 Semiregenerative reforming operations, 25 166... 

U.S. Pat. 3,928,266 (1975). Linear polystyrenes dissolved in alkyd paint formulations. Semi-II IPNs. 

Characteristics of high solid alkyd paint formulations containing sucrose based alkyd resins are shown in Table II. 

Chico B., Simancas J., Vega J.M., Gianizo N., Diaz L, et al. (2008), Anticorrosive behaviour of alkyd paints formulated with ion-exchange pigments . Prog. Org. Coat., 61,283. 

Paint Formulations. Tables 1 and 2 provide examples of generic water-based latex and solvent-based alkyd oil paints. These formulations exhibit typical proportions of the paint ingredients discussed. 

Paint Driers and Polymer Additives. Paints based on alkyd resins (qv) dry by the oxidation and cross-linking of unsaturated side chains. Metal catalysts are included in paint formulations to promote this drying. Cerium carboxylates, eg, the naphthenate, are used as through driers, ie, to promote drying in the body of the paint film rather than at the film s surface (44). 

There are limitations to the appHcabiHty of exterior latex house paints providing a small continuing market for oil or alkyd exterior house paints. Because film formation from latex paints occurs by coalescence, there is a temperature limit, below which the paint should not be appHed. This temperature can be varied by choice of the T of the latex polymer and the amount of coalesciag agent ia the formula. Ia the United States, most latex paints are formulated for appHcation at temperatures above 5—7°C. If painting must be done when the temperature is below 5—7°C, oil or alkyd paint is preferable. 

Eor water-based alkyd paints, greater (0.2% cobalt on a resin basis) concentrations of drier are required than for other systems because the reaction of the drier with water decreases the activity of the catalyst. The cobalt content of oil-based paint formulations is usually 0.01—0.05% cobalt. Although the concentration of cobalt in the formulations is small, the large volume of paints, inks, and varnishes constitute a significant use for cobalt chemicals. 

There are over 400 different commercial alkyd resin formulations based on phthalic anhydride used in the coatings business. Alkyd resins for paints are made by reacting phthalic anhydride with a poly-alcohol (usually from naturally occurring sources rather than synthetic) that contains unreacted double bonds. The paint dries by the resin crosslinking through reaction of the double bonds under the influence of oxygen in the air. 

Table 4. Formulation and Cluing Conditions of Poly(HAMCL) Alkyd Paints...

Solvents are selected such that some will escape relatively quickly from paint films to prevent excessive flow, while others will escape slowly to provide film leveling and adhesion. With typical alkyd coatings, the first 30% of solvent has been observed to evaporate as quickly as the neat solvents, essentially at a constant rate which is dependent on volatility. Later stage evaporation occurred several times more slowly and was rate-controlled by solvent diffusion to the surface of the paint film. The transition point between this behavior was defined as the resin solids content at which the evaporation rate due to volatility equaled that due to diffusion. Transition points have been observed to typically occur at a resin solids content of 40-50% v/v. Thus alkyd paints, normally formulated at 27-40% v/v resin solids, generally exhibit rapid initial solvent-release driven by volatility while high solids coatings (usually 65-75% v/v resin solids) dry solely by a diffusion-controlled process with negligible influence by solvent volatility (Ellis, 1983). 

A further progress perspective in the field of water-based paints could be their use for painting ships [205]. However, these studies are only in the beginning. The main difficulty is corrosion prevention. Maximum protection from stress corrosion cracking is ensured by alkyd paints combined with phenolic epoxy paints during a 6.5-year exposure [206]. These data were obtained on pre-contaminated steel plates. In Russia now water-based dispersion primers with anticorrosive properties have been developed and manufactured [207]. This was possible after incorporation of corrosion inhibitors combined with surfactants into the formulations. 

In cathodic delamination, the delamination rate of an organic coating under a cathodic potential depends upon the applied potential, electrolyte solution, and metal substrate (22,25). Cathodic delamination tests were conducted for all three commercial paints. As an example, Figure 5 shows the cathodic delamination plots of control alkyd enamel and water-reducible ISPC coated on bare CRS coupons. Curves Sa and 5b represent delamination area for the control alkyd enamel and the water-reducible ISPC formulation, respectively curves 5c and 5d are the respective plots of delamination current for the two formulations. The delamination test was conducted in a 3% NaCI solution the alkyd coated CRS coupon served as a cathode and was polarized at -I.IV versus a saturated calomel electrode. A significantly slower delamination rate was obtained for the ISPC formula (curve 5b) as compared to the control alkyd enamel (curve 5a). At 44 hours of delamination time, the entire painted area of the working electrode (almost 20 cm x 20 cm) for the control alkyd paint had been delaminated, whereas the delamination area of the water-reducible ISPC was only as little as 1 cm indicating a remarkable coating adhesion improvement for the alkyd ISPC painted on bare CRS coupon. 

Commercial electropainting only dates from the early 1960s and the first processes to be introduced used anodic deposition. Some typical paint formulations would contain (i) polycarboxylic acids based on acrylic acid as monomer solubilized by an organic amine, (ii) alkyds, i.e. branched polyesters based on naturally occurring long-chain carboxylic acids and polyalcohols, e.g. glycerol, and (iii) epoxy resins based on phenols, e.g. 

This paper is not concerned with the detail of paint formulation, but the polymer types most widely encountered are alkyds, polyiuethanes and nitrocellulose in solvent based systems, and acrylics, styrene-acrylics, and copolymers of vinyl acetate in water-based coatings. 

Table 12.1 Formulation of glossy water-thinnable air-drying alkyd paint for agricultural machinery...

The synthetic isoparaffins are suitable solvents for alkyd and acrylic paint formulations. These virtually odorless solvents and their low surface tensions offer improved flow and wetting properties to the paints. The excellent wetting characteristics of these solvents are desirable in formulations such as furniture polishes, car polishes, and waterless hand cleaners. The low surface tension of these solvents reduces the amount of surfactants needed in emulsified products and affords improved wetting of pigments in ink and coating formulations. The isoparaffins are used as an inert process solvent in the manufacture of polyolefins and certain rubbers. In the slurry polymerization process the isoparaffins afford solvency for the Ziegler-type catalyst and the ethylene monomer, but no solvency for the polyolefin polymer product. 

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