Quickness, relative

The Franck-Condon principle says that the intensities of die various vibrational bands of an electronic transition are proportional to these Franck-Condon factors. (Of course, the frequency factor must be included for accurate treatments.) The idea was first derived qualitatively by Franck through the picture that the rearrangement of the light electrons in die electronic transition would occur quickly relative to the period of motion of the heavy nuclei, so die position and iiioiiientiim of the nuclei would not change much during the transition [9]. The quaiitum mechanical picture was given shortly afterwards by Condon, more or less as outlined above [10]. 

Nitric acid being the solvent, terms involving its concentration cannot enter the rate equation. This form of the rate equation is consistent with reaction via molecular nitric acid, or any species whose concentration throughout the reaction bears a constant ratio to the stoichiometric concentration of nitric acid. In the latter case the nitrating agent may account for any fraction of the total concentration of acid, provided that it is formed quickly relative to the speed of nitration. More detailed information about the mechanism was obtained from the effects of certain added species on the rate of reaction. 

Small data sets (< 20 objects) + Relatively quick + Relatively quick - Can be slow, if m or number of iterations large - Selection of subsets unknown + OK, if many iterations done - Avoid using if N > 20 + Good choice. -. unless designed/DOE data - Requires time to determine/ construct cross validation array + often needed to avoid the external subset selection trap... 

Build an economic model Quick Relatively inexpensive Yields organization-specific results Bridges efficacy and effectiveness Data collection is unobtrusive Results dependent on assumptions Potential for researcher bias Controversial Reluctance of decision makers to accept results... 

As in all instantaneous absorption models, the entire absorbed dose of drug is taken to enter the systemic circulation instandy at time zero (< = 0). This provides an excellent approximation of the rapid drug delivery direcdy into the systemic circulation provided by a bolus IV injection, which truly occurs over a very short period of time (typically several seconds). However, this assumption does not actually require a strict interpretation of the word instantaneous. Even if an absorption process takes a substantial period of time (minutes or hours), it can still be approximated as instantaneous as long as absorption occurs quickly relative to other ADME processes. Thus, other routes of drug delivery besides a bolus IV injection can be approximated by instantaneous absorption if the time it takes for the absorption process to be essentially complete is very small compared to the half-life of elimination. The equations throughout most of this section are written specifically for a bolus IV injection, but modifications that can be employed to apply the equations to other drug delivery methods are described in Section 10.7.5. 

Among the well-established effects of acute intoxication with cannabis is an impairment of short-term memory. Some users often report a subjective enhancement of visual and auditory perception, sometimes with synesthesia (where sounds take on visual qualities). One subjective effect that has been confirmed is the sensation that cannabis users experience time as passing more quickly relative to real time. 

Thus, suppose the CSTR flow rate is, 9 = 0.1 liter/sec and = 1 mole/liter. Now suppose we inject 100 cc of solute A of composition 1 mole/liter (= into the flowing inlet stream. We shaU model this injection as an impulse, since it was done quickly, relative to the system time constant r. The net molar... 

Soil behavior under applied loads is significantly affected by the presence of water in the pores or voids, and how quickly relative to the rate of the load application the pore water can flow out of the stressed foundation soil zone. Soil, when subjected to loads, tends to change in volume. For this volume change to occur in saturated soils, the pore water that is considered relatively incompressible compared to the soil skeleton needs to flow out of the stressed soil zone. 

But both the ligand and the lanthanide can also be deactivated. The ligand can emit a photon by fluorescence from its singlet state or by phosphorescence from its triplet state, or can be deactivated (also from either its singlet or triplet excited state) by internal conversion, quenching, or any otiier nomadiative possibility. Even if the sensitization is efficient, i.e., if the isc and et is quick relative to the undesired deactivations, the lanthanide can also experience some nomadiative deactivations, so that the rate of the radiative deactivation of the lanthanide is in competition with nomadiative processes. 

The advantages of the technique are that it is quick, relatively simple to use and inexpensive. There are, however, several disadvantages ... 

The kinetics of this interaction is important. If the transfer of the analyte to the stationary phase and back (mass transfer) occurs quickly relative to the flow rate, the analyte has many opportunities to interact without being left behind in the stationary phase. If the flow is rapid (the mobile phase is "fast" in Figure 5.59), some of the analyte associated with the stationary phase is left behind the solvent front, leading to band broadening. Accordingly, this type of broadening is worsened by increasing the flow rate, since that would slow equilibration. The combined expression—the Van Deemter equation— is... 

When the SI is equal to zero, the solution is in equilibrium when negative, the solution is undersaturated and no precipitation occurs when positive, the solution is supersaturated and precipitation could occur. Therefore, SI values can be used as a guide to evaluate the effect of the solution conditions on the tendency and extent of precipitation. Calcium carbonate dissolution is a mass-transfer-limited process at room temperature, and therefore calcium carbonate dissolution occurs quickly relative to the other processes operating in the system. 

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