Adenovirus vaccines

Rothel, J.S., Boyle, D.B., Both, C.W., Pye, A.D., Waterkeyn, J.G., Wood, P.R. and Lightowlers, M.W. (1997a) Sequential nucleic acid and recombinant adenovirus vaccination induces host-protective immune responses against Taenia ovis infection in sheep. Parasite Immunology 19, 221-227. 

Yang TC, Dayball K, Wan YH, Bramson J (2003), Detailed analysis of the CD8+ T-cell response following adenovirus vaccination, J. Virol. 77 13407-13411. 

Viruses Viruses provide a unique and extremely efficient method of insertion of genes into mammalian cells, such as human bone marrow stem cells. SV 40, adenovirus, vaccine virus, and polyomavirus have been used as gene transfer vectors. A non-replicating adenoviral vector that efficiently infects human cells has recently been developed. The essential feature of a retroviral gene delivery system is the presence of an RNA copy of the replacement gene that is packaged in a viral particle, capable of specific and efficient entry into the cytoplasm of a cell. A retrovirus consists of... 

Top, F.H., Jr. Buescher, E.L. Bancroft, W.H. Russell, P.K. Immunization with live type 7 and type 4 adenovirus vaccines. II Antibody response and protective effect against acute respiratory disease due to adenovirus type 7. J. Infect. Dis. 1971, 124, 155-160. 

Clarke, J. M., Morse, M. A., Lyerly, H. K., Clay, T., and Osada, T. 2010. Adenovirus vaccine immunotherapy targeting Wtl-expressing tumors. Expert Opinion in Biological Therapy, 10, 875-883. 

First clinical human gene therapy trials with polyplexes were performed using cancer vaccines based on autologous patient tumor cells. These were modified ex vivo with interleukin-2 pDNA. To obtain high level transfection rates of patient s primary tumor cells, Tf-PLL/pDNA polyplexes linked with inactivated endosomolytic adenovirus particles were applied [221]. Polymer-based in vivo human gene transfer studies were performed with PEGylated PLL polyplexes, delivering CFTR pDNA to the airway epithelium of cystic fibrosis patients [222],... 

Most vaccine vectors developed to date are viral based, with poxviruses (as well as picorna viruses and adenoviruses) being used most. In general, such recombinant viral vectors elicit both... 

Xiang, Z.Q., Y. Yang, J.M. Wilson, and H.C. Ertl, A replication-defective human adenovirus recombinant serves as a highly efficacious vaccine carrier. Virology, 1996. 219(1) 220-7. 

Bramson, J., et al. 2003. Enabling topical immunization via microporation A novel method for pain-free and needle-free delivery of adenovirus-based vaccines. Gene Ther 10 251. 

Recombinant techniques (Ogra et al. 2001) for generating purified antigens in large quantities have been used for the development of several vaccines including the hepatitis B virus vaccine (oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus) (Lubeck et al. 1989). Other examples of recombinantly produced vaccines include vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxin, and acellular pertussis toxoid. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

Live vectors (131,133) are another application of genetic engineering. In this case, the genes from a pathogen are inserted into a vaccine vector, such as salmonella or vaccinia. In the case of salmonella, it will be possible to develop an oral vaccine. Vectors for this application include salmonella, BCG, polio, adenovirus, and vaccinia. 

Tatsis N, Ertl HC. Adenoviruses as vaccine vectors. Mol Ther 2004 10 616-29. 

Zhou D, Cun A, Li Y, Xiang Z, Ertl HC. A chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein as an oral vaccine against inhalation infection with rabies virus. Mol Ther 2006 14 662-72. 

Tan, Y., Hackett, N.R., Boyer, J.L., Crystal, D.G. (2003). Protective immunity evoked against anthrax lethal toxin after a single intramuscular administration of an adenovirus-based vaccine encoding humanized protective antigen. Hum. Gene Ther. 14 1673-82. 

Graham, F.L. and Prevec, L. (1992). Adenovirus-based expression vectors and recombinant vaccines. In Vaccines New Approaches to Immunological Problems. R.W. Ellis, ed. (Boston Butterworth-Heinemann), pp. 363 390. 

Mostly attenuated organisms are being used as live virus vaccines however, in some instances, even virulent organisms could be used, provided they are not administered via the natural route of infection. For example, human adenovirus types 4 and 7 may cause acute respiratory infections in humans when administered via the oronasal route but provide protection when given orally in enteric-coated capsules. ... 

Transdermal vaccination or transcutaneous immunization, is attractive, because it does not require specially trained personnel necessary for needle injections. Topical application of antigens to intact skin has shown promising results for the administration of DNA-based vaccines. Noninvasive gene delivery by pipetting adenovirus- or liposome-complexed plasmid DNA onto the outer layer of skin was able to achieve localized transgene expression within a restricted subset of skin in mice. It also elicited an immune response against the protein encoded by the DNA. ... 

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