Adenovirus type

Animals experimentally infeeted with Adenovirus type 36 (Ad-36) develop greater adiposity but a relative hypolipidemia. Sero-epidemiological studies show association of Ad-36 antibodies with human obesity. In vitro experiments in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes showed that Ad-36 promotes their proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation. However, the exact mechanism of adipogenic action in vivo is yet unknown. Adipogenic effects of Ad-36 are described below in detail. 

Ad-36 was first isolated in 1978 in Germany from the feees of a 6-year-old girl suffering from diabetes and enteritis (Wigand et al., 1980). Ad-36 infeetion was thought to occur rarely, but work indicates that 11-30% of the individuals screened in the United States are seropositive for Ad-36 antibodies (Atkinson et al., 2005). 

Ad-36 promotes adiposity in animals and shows association with human obesity. 

In separate experiments, chickens, mice, or marmosets (nonhuman primates) inoculated with human adenovirus Ad-36 developed a syndrome of increased adipose tissue and paradoxically low levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides (Dhurandhar et al., 1992, 2000, 2001). Food intake of the infected and the uninfected controls was not significantly different. Using a capillary electrophoresis assay (Kolesar et al., 2000), Ad-36 DNA was detected in the adipose tissue of the infected animals but not in the skeletal muscle. The amount of Ad-36 DNA present in the visceral fat correlated with the amount of total visceral fat in the chickens (r = 0.41,/ = 0.025). Sections of the brain and hypothalamus of Ad-36-inoculated animals did not show any overt histopathologic changes. 

When obesity was defined as body fat 85th pereentile of that in the control group, 64% of the infected donors and 72% of the infected recipients were considered obese versus only 18% in control donors and recipients together. Serum cholesterol was significantly lower in the infected and infected-recipient animals compared to the control group, showing that Ad-36 infection and subsequent obesity was transmissible. 

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Adenoviridae Adenovirus, type 2 Adenylate cyclase Adenyl cyclase O-Adenylylation Adenylyl cyclase... 

Macejak, D.G. Luftig, R.B. (1991). Association of Hsp70 with the adenovirus type 5 fiber protein in infected Hep-2 ceils. Virology 180, 120-125. 

Bon, F., Fascia, P., Dauvergne, M., Tenenbaum, D., Planson, H., Petion, A. M., Pothier, P., and Kohli, E. (1999). Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. /. Clin. Microbiol. 37,3055-3058. 

Thurston-Iinriquez, J. A., Haas, C. N., Jacangelo, J., and Gerba, C. P. (2003a). Chlorine inactivation of adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 3979-3985. 

Fig. 2. Adenovirus fiber head domain. (A) Adenovirus type 12 fiber head seen from the side (PDB-code 1NOB Bewley et al., 1999). The three monomers are colored differendy. (B) Adenovirus type 12 fiber head domain bound to CAR D1 seen from the top (PDB-code 1KAC Bewley et al., 1999). Here, the adenovirus type 12 trimer is shown in yellow and the CAR D1 domain in purple. Figures 2-5 were produced using PyMOL (DeLano, 2002).

The partial structure of the adenovirus type 2 fiber shaft was the first /(-structured fibrous fold characterized at atomic detail. The shaft contains 15-residue sequence pseudo-repeats with an invariant glycine or proline and conserved hydrophobic amino acids (Fig. 3A Green et al., 1983). Unfolding studies led to the identification of a stable domain, consisting of amino acids 319-582, which was subcloned, expressed, and purified (Mitraki et al., 1999). Subsequently, it was crystallized, and its structure solved at 2.4-A resolution (van Raaij et al., 1999b). Its structure revealed a new fold, called the triple /(-spiral. ... 

Hong, J. S., and Engler, J. A. (1996). Domains required for assembly of adenovirus type 2 fiber trimers./. Virol. 70, 7071-7078. 

Mitraki, A., Barge, A., Chroboczek, J., Andrieu, J. P., Gagnon, J., and Ruigrok, R. W. (1999). Unfolding studies of human adenovirus type 2 fibre trimers. Evidence for a stable domain. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 599-606. 

Novelli, A., and Boulanger, P. A. (1991). Deletion analysis of functional domains in baculovirus-expressed adenovirus type 2 fiber. Virology 185, 365-376. 

Xia, D., Henry, L.J., Gerard, R. D., and Deisenhofer, J. (1994). Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of adenovirus type 5 fiber protein at 1.7 A resolution. Structure 2, 1259-1270. 

Y. J. Gordon, E. Romanowski, and T. Araullo-Cruz. An ocular model of adenovirus type 5 infection in the NZ rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33 574—580 (1992)... 

M. D. Trousdale, R. Nobrega, D. Stevenson, T. Nakamura, P. M. dos Santos, L. LaBree, and P. J. McDonnell. Role of adenovirus type 5 early region 3 in the pathogenesis of ocular disease and cell culture infection. Cornea 14 280-289... 

In October 2003, the SFDA approved the world s first gene therapy— Gendicine (a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 mediated delivery of p53 gene)— for the treatment of head and neck cancer. In 2005, another head and neck cancer drug, Oncorine (a recombinant oncolytic adenovirus type 5), was approved. In the same year, another recombinant human endostatin, Endostar, was approved for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. 

In addition, the results of biological tests of the compounds synthesized showed that only one possessed the high antiviral activity against adenovirus type 23 and several of them had moderate-to-week activities towards Gram-positive bacteria and pathogenic fungi, whereas the rest of compounds were inactive. 

Harada JN, Berk AJ. p53-Independent and -dependent requirements for E1B-55K in adenovirus type 5 replication. J Virol 1999 73 5333-5344. 

Fig. 11. Separation of 32P-labeled A, adenovirus Type 5, and B, poliovirus Type 1 on Sepharose 2B where the column is 2.1 x 56 cm eluent, 0.002 M...

Leopold, P.L., Kreitzer, G., Miyazawa, N., Rempel, S., Pfister, K.K., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. and Crystal, R.G. (2000) Dynein-and microtubule-mediated translocation of adenovirus type 5 occurs after endosomal lysis. Hum. Gene Then, 11, 151-165. 

Adenoviridae Adenovirus, types 1-33 Respiratory tract and eye infections... 

I. Kirby, E. Davison, A. J. Beavil, C. P. Soh, T. J. Wickham, P. W. Roelvink, I. Kovesdi, B. J. Sutton, and G. Santis, Mutations in the DG loop of adenovirus type 5 fiber knob protein abolish high-affinity binding to its cellular receptor CAR, J. Virol. 73 9508 (1999). 

E. Vigne, I. Mahfouz, J. F. Dedieu, A. Brie, M. Perricaudet, and P. Yeh, RGD inclusion in the hexon monomer provides adenovirus type 5-based vectors with a fiber knob-independent pathway for infection, J. Virol. 73 5156 (1999). 

D. C. Yu, Y. Chen, M. Seng, J. Dilley, and D. R. Henderson, The addition of adenovirus type 5 region E3 enables calydon virus 787 to eliminate distant prostate tumor xenografts, Cancer Res. 59 4200 (1999). 

Graham FL, Smiley J, Russel WC, Nairn RJ (1977), Characteristic of a human cell line transformed by DNA from human adenovirus type 5. Gen. Virol. 36 59-72. 

Fig. 3.10. Autoradiograph of a sequencing gel prepared using the Maat and Smith procedure. The sequence shown is that derived from a 440 nucleotide-long fragment from a Hinfl digest of a 5 -end labelled HirtdUl fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA. Samples from each base-specific reaction mixture were loaded every 2 hours (runs I, II, III, and IV). Electrophoresis was carried out at a constant current of 30 mA. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the complementary DNA strand revealed one mistake in the sequence as written. At position 2870 (in run III) two C s should be read instead of one. The zone of compression responsible for this error is not very apparent and emphasizes the importance of sequencing both DNA strands.

Prince GA, Porter DD, Jenson AB, Horswood RL, Chanock RM, Ginsberg HS. Pathogenesis of adenovirus type 5 pneumonia in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). J Virol 1993 67 101-11. 

The study of the proteome of the recombinant adenovirus type 5 vectors demonstrated an important apphcation of separation techniques in combination with MS methods in the drug discovery process. With completely sequenced adenovirus genome available, this approach provides a chemically well-dehned method of characterization of structural proteins of recombinant adenoviral vectors. The information of protein MWs, tryptic peptide mass mapping, and sequence tags of tryptic peptides derived from HPLC/MS resulted in the identification of 17 adenoviral proteins/polypeptides in the purified virion. The rapid and accurate identification of viral proteins from recombinant adenoviruses in this study is significant since it provides direct evidence of the maturation stage of adenoviruses, which is closely related to viral infectivity and efficacy in gene therapy. 

F. Blanche, B. Monegier, D. Faucher, M. Duchesne, F. Audhuy, A. Barbot, S. Bouvier, G. Daude, H. Dubois, T. Guillemin, and L. Maton, Polypeptide composition of an adenovirus type 5 used in cancer gene therapy, /. Chromatogr. A. 

The resistance to adenoviruses types 8 and 19, both common causes of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, in Fluress was studied and survival was found for 3 to 4 weeks for types 19 and 8, respectively. Extreme care should be taken when examining suspect patients. Conversely, resistance to contamination for Fluress from herpes simplex virus type 1 was examined and found to be quite good. Overall, it appears that Fluress , with its unique formulation, is generally the most effective of the combination fluorescein-anesthetic solutions for clinical use but that care must be taken when using generic versions. 

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Pharyngoconjunctival fever Any age Predominandy children Follicles, hyperemic membranes Follicles, hyperemic membranes Subepithelial infiltrates common Superficial punctate keratitis subepithelial infiltrates not common Tender, palpable preauricular node Fever, pharyngitis, nontender node Adenovirus types 8 and 19 Adenovirus types 3 and 7... 

It has been shown that adenovirus type 8 survives up to 4 days on a metal tonometer type 19 has been recovered... 

The use of topical ophthalmic antiviral agents such as idoxuridine and adenine arabinoside generally has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of EKC. However, 1% trifluridine has been shown to decrease replication of adenovirus types 8,13, and 19 in vitro, though no strong evidence exists for its use in EKC patients. 

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