Acute respiratory infections

Infection of the trachea and bronchi causes hyperemic and edematous mucous membranes and an increase in bronchial secretions. Destruction of respiratory epithelium can range from mild to extensive and may affect bronchial mucociliary function. In addition, the increase in bronchial secretions, which can become thick and tenacious, further impairs mucociliary activity. Recurrent acute respiratory infections may be associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and possibly the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), as pneumonia, is one of the biggest causes of death for young children in the Asian region. ARI is also responsible for more episodes of illness than any other disease, with the exception of diarrhoea, and it is well known that ARI is aggravated by exposure to pollutants and indoor environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). 

Pandey, M. R., et al. (1989). Domestic smoke pollution and acute respiratory infection in a rural communities of Hill region of Nepal. Environmental Institute, 15, 337-345... 

Arifeen, S., Black, R. E., Antelman, G., Baqui, A., Caulfield, L., and Becker, S. (2001). Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infants in Dhaka slums. Pediatrics 108, E67. 

Rahman, M. M., Mahalanabis, D., Alvarez, J. O., Wahed, M. A., Islam, M. A., Habte, D., and Khaled, M. A. (1996). Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A. /. Nutr. 126,628-633. 

Common cold, influenza, acute respiratory infections and allergies. 

Vaccines need to be developed against diseases with high mortality rates, such as AIDS, pneumonic plague, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and parasitic diseases such as malaria. 

Ezzati M Kammen DM (2001) Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Environ Health Perspect, 109(5) 481-488. 

Boyton, R., Openshaw, P. (2002). Pulmonary defenses to acute respiratory infection. Br. Med. Bull. 61 1-12. 

Mostly attenuated organisms are being used as live virus vaccines however, in some instances, even virulent organisms could be used, provided they are not administered via the natural route of infection. For example, human adenovirus types 4 and 7 may cause acute respiratory infections in humans when administered via the oronasal route but provide protection when given orally in enteric-coated capsules. ... 

A rather high resistance rate of 25-50% is reported for Hemophilus species (156), and this has to be taken into consideration if tetracyclines are given to patients with chronic pulmonary diseases or for the treatment of acute respiratory infections. 

Nitrogen dioxide is an upper respiratory tract irritant and has, in some cases, been linked to a 20% increased incidence of acute respiratory infection in children residing in homes using gas for cooking. There is also some indication that nitrogen dioxide. 

Acute respiratory infections in children are the chief cause of childrens ill health in the world and strongly associated with indoor use of solid fuels for cooking in a number of studies in Asia and Africa (OR = 2-6). COPD is strongly associated with use of solid fuels in nonsmoking women, often along with cor pulmonale, in studies from Latin America, South... 

Probably the condition for which H202 will find its greatest use is with flu and other acute respiratory infections. 

Odds ratios represent the ratio of the probability of occurrence of an event to nonoccurrence for example, an elevated odds ratio in biomass-using households reflects the incremental risks for people in this set of households compared with risks for people in clean-fuel-using households. An odds ratio of 2 for acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children for biomass-using households, for example, would imply a twofold higher risk of ARI for these children compared with the reference group of children in clean fuel (gas) using households. 

T3 concentration is characteristically high because the same enzyme, 5 -deiodinase, that is necessary to convert T4 to T3, is necessary to convert reverse T3 to its breakdown products. Acute respiratory infections and surgery acutely elevate interleukin-6, and T3 concentration is inversely correlated. ... 

Product Information Sheets 2000 edition -Equipment for expanded Programme on Immunization, Acute Respiratory Infections, Blood Safety, Emergency Campaigns, Primary Health Care, Department of Vaccines and Bio-pharmaceuticals, WHO, Geneva. www.who.int/vaccines-documents/. 

Girard M P, Cherian T, Pervikov Y, et al. (2005). A review of vaccine research and development Human acute respiratory infections. Vaccine. 23 5708-5724. 

Kahlich R., Klima J., Cihla E, Frankova V., Masek K., Rosicky M., Matousek E, Bruthans J., 1979. Studies on prophylactic efficacy of A-2-hydroxy ethyl palmitamide (Impulsin) in acute respiratory infections. Serologically controlled field trials. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 23, 11-24. 

Community case management for acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhoea were clearly successful in reducing mortality their overall effects on the appropriateness of drugs choices, especially in the case of ARI, have however not been well studied. Other approaches that may yield moderate to large improvements were audit and feedback (or group processes), and audit combined with supervision. As in the industrialised world, the simple dissemination of printed educational material (clinical guidelines, prescribing information) had no impact. Experience in Zimbabwe underlines the relevance of... 

Graham, N. M. H. et al. (1986). Stress and acute respiratory infection. American Journal of Epidemiology 124 389-401. 

Coal dust can lead to many health damages, such as pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular diseases and acute respiratory infections (ARI), which all belong to diseases of the respiratory system. Therefore, the health damages caused by dust are classified into respiratory system related damage indicators. 

Traditional use An infusion is used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, tonic, antihelminthic, to heal wounds, and to treat bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal diseases, dyspepsia, rheumatism, anemia, stenocardia, neurosis, scrophula, meteorism and hyperhydrosis. It apphed to the mouth to treat stomatitis and bad breath, and externally to heal persistent wounds. In Indian medicine it is used to treat bronchial asthma and acute respiratory infections (Zotov 1975 Dzhumaev 1980). 

Traditional use An infusion of the herb is used to treat stomatitis and toothaches. A decoction in milk is used to treat acute respiratory infections and amenorrhea. In Bulgaria the herb is used to heal wounds and a decoction is used to treat stomach ulcers and bad breath. An infusion is used in the Altai region to treat fevers and headaches and in the Middle Volga region as an expectorant for acute respiratory infections and pertussis (Plaut Resources of the USSR 1991). 

Indicated acute respiratory infections as common health problem among children in their community — — — — 57.00 57.00 64.40 — 64.40... 

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