Free delivery

Free delivery The actual volume flow from a fan outlet with no imposed system pressure. 

Bramson, J., et al. 2003. Enabling topical immunization via microporation A novel method for pain-free and needle-free delivery of adenovirus-based vaccines. Gene Ther 10 251. 

A number of DNA vaccines have progressed into clinical trials for the prevention and/or treatment of HIV, malaria, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis B and C [23,24], So far the DNA vaccines have been well tolerated in clinical trials [23] and have produced both humoral and cellular responses in some trials [41], but overall the potency has been disappointing [20], Although DNA is typically injected intramuscularly, alternative delivery systems have been evaluated. One such system that has been tested clinically for hepatitis B involves coating plasmid DNA onto gold beads, which are then propelled into the epidermis using a needle-free delivery system [20,42,43],... 

Establishing clinical bioequivalence to a reference delivery method, usually a needle and syringe or an autoinjector or pen injector is the customary method of demonstrating that these conditions have been successfully met. This requires that the maximum blood plasma concentration of the drug (Cmax) and the total area under the time-concentration curve (AUC), as well as their associated confidence intervals, adequately approximate a reference product. The standard criteria to establish bioequivalence are 70-143% for Cmax and 80-125% for AUC (Fig. 3 for an example of a bioequivalent needle-free delivery). 

Establishing bioequivalence is less relevant for vaccines and is usually done instead by comparing seroconversion rates in naive recipients to a needle-administered reference group. Several reports (Table 1) actually demonstrate increased seroconversion rates with needle-free delivery (or equivalent seroconversion with much lower doses). This is thought to be due to better targeting of the immune cells in the epidermis and, to a lesser extent, the dermis. This area is not yet fully understood, however, as other reports point to generally equivalent seroconversion rates between the two methods. 

In many cases, the intrasubject variability was significantly less with needle-free delivery than with needle delivery. This is likely due to the fact that needle-free systems can be designed to deliver consistently to a target tissue layer, usually the subcutaneous layer, irrespective of the patient s morphology. In contrast, it is... 

Fig. 3 Pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin for needle delivery and needle-free delivery, showing bioequivalence requirements are met. (Courtesy of Aradigm Corporation.)...

Fig. 4 Summary of preference between needle-free delivery (Intraject , Aradigm Corporation) and needle-based delivery (courtesy of Aradigm Corporation). Volunteers were asked which system they would prefer if they had to self-inject regularly at home.

As described above, Caretek is pioneering the projectile depot needle-free delivery system that is currently in development. 

Provide precise and pulse-free delivery of solvents at typical flow rates range of O.l-lOmL/min and pressure up to 6,000psi (42MPa)... 

FAN PERFORMANCE CURVE - Fan performance curve refers to the constant speed performance curve. This is a graphical presentation of static or total pressure and power input over a range of air volume flow rate at a stated inlet density and fan speed. It may include static and mechanical efficiency curves. The range of air volume flow rate which is covered generally ex tends from shutoff (zero air volume flow rate) to free delivery (zero fan static pressure). The pressure curves are generally referred to as the pressure-volume curves. 

Needle-Free Drug Delivery Systems. The three types of needle-free drug delivery systems are liquid, powder, and depot injections. Each of these types uses some form of mechanical compression to create enough pressure to force the medication into the skin. Although these needle-free delivery systems cost more initially and require more technical expertise... 

Scheme 11.11 Metal-free delivery of nucleophiles after metal-mediated oxidation.

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