Acute irritant contact dermatitis

Ten of 12 workers experienced acute irritant contact dermatitis of the hands after 2 days of direct contact. In the most severe case, a woman with no previous skin problems, who wore latex gloves intermittently, had painful swelling of the fingers of both hands with redness and vesicles on the palms. The affected skin later became thickened and showed a brownish discoloration. Another worker noticed small vesicles on the forehead, probably due to scratching with contaminated fingers. All cutaneous reactions cleared within 3 weeks of termination of exposure. Gas chromatograph analysis of the NMP used at the factory did not reveal any contaminating compounds. 

Henschel R, Agathos M, and Breit R (1999) Acute irritant contact dermatitis from propionic acid used in animal feed preservation. Contact Dermatitis 40 328. 

Ermertcan, A.T., S. Ozturkcan, M.T. Sahrn, C. BUac, and D.B. Bilac. 2007. Acute irritant contact dermatitis due to Apium graveolens. Contact Dermat. 57(2) 122-123. 

Neri, I., F. Bianchi, F Giacomini, and A. PatrizL 2006. Acute irritant contact dermatitis due to Juglans regia. Contact Dermat. 55(l) 62-63. 

Hogan DJ (1996) The prognosis of irritant contact dermatitis. In van der Va PGM, Maibach HI (eds) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC, New York, pp 9-15 Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Maibach HI (1990) The prognosis of contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 23 300-307 Hurwitz RM, Rivera HP, Guin JD (1984) Black-spot poison ivy dermatitis. An acute irritant contact dermatitis superimposed upon an allergic contact dermatitis. Am J Dermatopathol 6 319-322... 

Gallacher G, Maibach HI (1998) Is atopic dermatitis a predisposing factor for experimental acute irritant contact dermatitis Contact Dermatitis 38 1-4... 

Brazelli V, Romano E, Balduzzi A, et al. (1995) Acute irritant contact dermatitis from Agave americana L. Contact Dermatitis 33 60-61... 

Acute toxic contact dermatitis may be induced by a single application of a toxic material. One local inflammatory skin reaction is characterized by erythema and oedema. This type of reaction occurs following contact with materials such as acids, alkalis, solvents, and cleansers and is rarely associated with topical application of medicinal or cosmetic products. In contrast, irritant contact dermatitis (a superficial non-immuno-logically based reaction) may occur after repeated exposure to many substances, including topical pharmaceutical agents. The reaction is usually localized to the site of exposure and usually diminishes after the stimulus has been removed. Some materials can stimulate an immune response following an initial topical application. Any future exposure may result in an inflammatory immune reaction, an allergic contact dermatitis, or sensitization. 

Maneb or mancozeb. Maneb and mancozeb have been found to cause allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed (type IV immune system response) hypersensitivity reaction. After sensitivity to a particular allergen develops, subsequent contact to minute doses of the antigen elicits an acute response. While allergic and irritant contact dermatitis usually have indistinguishable clinical characteristics, the former reaction is a true allergy whereas the latter reaction is one whose intensity is proportional to the dose applied (Rice and Cohen... 

Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and acute caustic chemical or acid injuries are the most common toxin-related skin problems. Systemic toxicity may occur (p 157) but is not a common complicating factor. 

Hexachlorophene, a phenolic derivative, is a rare sensitizer. Fregert and Hjorth (1969) reported a sensitization index of 0.3% in 660 patients, while acute primary irritant contact dermatitis occurred more frequently (Baker et al. 1969), especially in susceptible skin such as on the scrotum. Positive patch tests believed to be crossreactions to hexachlorophene were found in patients with allergy to tetra-chlorosalicylanilide (Wilkinson 1962 Jillson and Baughman 1963), bithionol, and dichlorophene (Epstein 1966). 

OECD guideline (1997) for the testing of chemicals. Acute dermal irritation study in human volunteers Opdyke DLJ (1976) Inhibition of sensitisation reactions induced by certain aldehydes. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 14 197-198 Ponec M (1996) In vitro models to predict skin irritation. In van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI (eds) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 335-341 Serup J, Jemec GBE (1995) Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. CRC Press, Boca Raton Simion FA (1996) In vivo models to predict skin irritation. In van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI (eds) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 329-334 Wahiberg JE (1992) Hardening. Contact Dermatitis 26 359... 

Alcohols can delipidize and dehydrate the upper part of the stratum corneum, thereby impairing the barrier function of the epidermis. Irritant contact dermatitis from alcohol is most often of the cumulative irritant contact type and, in rare cases, of the acute irritant type (Adams 1986 Tupker et al. 1997). Alcohol dermatitis may take the form of an eczematous eruption, or, more rarely, a contact urticarial at the exposed site (Martin Scott i960 Fregert et al. 1963). Allergic contact dermatitis to ethanol and isopropanol is considered rare (Pecquet and Pradalier 1992), but was reported as a constituent of a transdermal patchsystem (Okazawa et al. 1998). The patch test concentrations for these substances are either as is or in 10% aqua. 

Besides the many infectious diseases and traumatic injuries farmers risk on a regular basis, pesticide exposure often daily and in concentrated form presents a unique hazard [i]. It can lead to problems ranging from acute illness, such acute toxicity, irritant contact dermatitis, or bronchitis, to carcinogenesis and immune-system disorders [2]. Approximately 60% of all pesticides used in the United States are applied in the agricultural industry. 

Complications of hydroquinone therapy include acute and chronic reactions. Common acute reactions are irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Lesional and perilesional hypopig-mentation may occur. This is usually a tempo-... 

Contact dermatitis has been reported in Japanese women who worked in a greenhouse where benomyl had been used. Eruptions on the backs of the hands and on the forearms consisted of redness and edema. Cases of dermal sensitization have also been reported. In animal studies benomyl has low acute toxicity. The oral LDso for rats was greater than lOg/kg, and the dermal LDso in rabbits was also greater than lOg/kg. There was mild irritation when benomyl was placed on the skin of the rabbit or in the rabbit eye. 

CN may cause primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis by delayed hypersensitivity. After sensitization, acute exposure to CN causes itching, erythema, edema, vesiculation, purpura, and necrosis.28 Jolly and Carpenter reported that an accidental discharge of a pen gun resulted in erythema and edema 24 h later the patient had been exposed to CN 5 yr earlier. Queen and Stander reported severe reactions to CN 17 yr after a first exposure to the agent. 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Skin and eye irritations and dermatitis, but not sensitization, have been reported in humans and animals after dermal exposure of acute and intermediate-duration to both inorganic tin and organotin compounds. Mice also experienced a dermatological reaction to triphenyltin hydroxide after oral exposure over a period of 80 weeks. There is a reasonable probability of some skin, eye, and other mucous membrane contact with compounds at hazardous waste sites and the likelihood of irritation and other effects occurring. 

Robinson, M.K. and Basketter, D.A. Validity and ethics of the human 4 hour patch test as an alternative method to assess acute skin irritation potential. Contact Dermatitis 2001 45 1-12. 

Chronic bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, obstructive lung disease, focal emphysema, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP), siUcosis Acute bronchospasm, pneumonitis, chronic exposure leads to Itmg fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP), silicosis Ocular and upper airway irritation, bronchospasm in severe exposure, contact dermatitis... 

Inhalation, ingestion, percutaneous absorption. Irritation of and generation of lesions in skin, respiratory tract, and gastric and intestinal mucosa contact dermatitis pulmonary edema. Acute kidney failure. Long-term risk for lung cancers. Pneumoconiosis from exposure to chromite ore dust. 

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