Induced reactions

Quack M 1978 Theory of unimolecular reactions induced by monochromatic infrared radiation J. Chem. Phys. 69 1282-307... 

Quack M and Sutcliffe E 1986 Program 515. URIMIR unimolecular reactions induced by monochromatic infrared radiation QCPE Bull. 6 98... 

He Y, Pochert J, Quack M, Ranz R and Seyfang G 1995 Dynamics of unimolecular reactions induced by monochromatic infrared radiation experiment and theory for C F XI—> C F X + I probed with hyperfine-, Doppler- and uncertainty limited time resolution of iodine atom infrared absorption J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Discuss. 102 275-300... 

The main synthetic route to high nuclearity metal carbonyl clusters involves a condensation process (/) a reaction induced by coordinatively unsaturated species or (2) a reaction between coordinatively saturated species in different oxidation states. As an example of (/), Os2(CO)22 can be condensed to form a series of higher coordinated species (89). 

The principal source of natural tritium is the nuclear reactions induced by cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere, where fast neutrons, protons, and deuterons coUide with components of the stratosphere to produce tritium ... 

Stoichiometric closure of furan and pyrrole cycles on McMurry reaction induced by low-valent transition metals 98PAC1071. 

This study also demonstrated the importance of choosing an appropriate acid to effect the cyclization of 21 in the desired direction. For example, the use of neat TFA for 72 h produced mainly 22, whereas the prevailing product from the reaction induced by camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) was identified as the other possible product 25. In an equilibration experiment, 25 underwent treatment with TFA for 72 h, giving a 12 1 mixture of 22 and 25, whereas compound 22 equilibrated to... 

Apart from this gravitational effect, there are composition changes due to chemical reactions induced by light. These are caused by absorption of ultraviolet light in the upper atmosphere. For example, oxygen absorbs ultraviolet light and the energy taken up by the molecule exceeds the... 

Ito, Y. Chemical Reactions Induced and Probed by Positive Muons. 157, 93-128 (1990). 

The chemistry of indium metal is the subject of current investigation, especially since the reactions induced by it can be performed in aqueous solution.15 The selective reductions of ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate (entry 1), 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol (entry 2), l-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (entry 3), 4-nitrocinnamyl alcohol (entry 4), 4-nitrobenzonitrile (entry 5), 4-nitrobenzamide (entry 6), 4-nitroanisole (entry 7), and 2-nitrofluorenone (entry 8) with indium metal in the presence of ammonium chloride using aqueous ethanol were performed and the corresponding amines were produced in good yield. These results indicate a useful selectivity in the reduction procedure. For example, ester, nitrile, bromo, amide, benzylic ketone, benzylic alcohol, aromatic ether, and unsaturated bonds remained unaffected during this transformation. Many of the previous methods produce a mixture of compounds. Other metals like zinc, tin, and iron usually require acid-catalysts for the activation process, with resultant problems of waste disposal. 

To hinder the complex reaction induced by the very unstable peroxysulfonic acid in the so-called light-water process, excess sulfur dioxide in the presence of water is used to reduce the peracid as follows ... 

These polymers need to be made photosensitive for use as photoresists and this is achieved by the incorporation of bisazide sensitisers. On exposure to light the photochemical reaction induced by the bisazide results in rapid crosslinking of the polymer rendering it insoluble in the developing solvent. 

A pellet is pressed of an intimate mixture of finely divided reactants and reaction induced either by arc melting and high-T annealing or by solid-state sintering in an electrical or high-frequency furnace. Isolating the borides from reactive container components can be a problem. The use of boron nitride liners has proved effective. In some cases the protective liner is made of sintered boride containing the same elements as the boride in preparation. 

Jessner s solution contains 14% resorcinol, 14% salicylic acid and 14% lactic acid. Jessner s solution has been used alone for superficial peeling, or in combination with TCA 35% to achieve a medium-depth peel. Increasing the number of coats applied to the treated area increases the depth and reaction induced by the Jessner s peel. These peels are well tolerated with minimal side effects in the author s practice. As with glycolic acid and salicylic acid peels, Jessner s peels are most commonly used as adjimctive therapy for moderate to severe facial dyschromias, acne, oily skin, texturally rough skin, fine wrinkles, and pseudofolliculitis barbae. 

During the past decade, a lot of data on the pathogenesis of non-immediate reactions induced by RCM has indicated that the majority of these reactions are T-cell-mediated reactions (table 2) ... 

In 12 patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reactions induced by LAs, RPP was performed only 3 patients showed mild reactions to LA at doses of 0.3 and 0.5 ml, while they were tolerating the higher doses of 1.0 and 2.0 ml. Nine patients who tolerated the drug were informed of the actual procedure, were re-challenged openly and... 

WEI H, CAO Q AND RAHN R o (1996) Inhibition of UV light- and Fenton reaction-induced oxidative DNA damage by the soybean isoflavone genistein. Carcinogenesis. 17 (1) 73-7. 

However, we have found that reaction induced restructuring of Bi2FeMo20]2 produces a narked enhancement in catalytic behavior (Table II . X-ray diffraction, in-situ Raman spectroscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the restructuring produces a multiphase system consisting of unreacted Bi FeMo20.2, in combination with Bi2MOj0.2, 0-FeHoO and a small amount of Bi2MoO. The key features of the Raman spectra of the activated catalyst are summarized in Table III. 

The polymerization of a ring compound usually proceeds by an interchange reaction, induced either catalytically or by the presence of small amounts of end-group-producing substances. For example, the polymerization of lactide, the cyclic dimer of lactic acid, is accelerated by small amounts of water. The water undoubtedly hydrolyzes the lactide to lactyllactic acid, which may then react with other lactide molecules by ester interchange. This reaction scheme can be represented as follows ... 

In order to develop the safest process the worst runaway scenario must be worked out. This scenario is a sequence of events that can cause the temperature runaway with the worst possible consequences. Typically, the runaway starts with failure that results in an adiabatic course of exothermic reaction, inducing secondary reactions that proceed with a high thermal effect. Such a. sequence of typical events is shown in Fig. 5.4-55 (after Gygax, 1988-1990 Stoessel, 1993). It starts with, for instance, a cooling failure at time tx when the temperature is at the set level, Tv ,- Then the temperature rises up to the Maximum Temperature for Synthetic Reaction (MTSR) within the time Atn. Assuming adiabatic conditions MTSR = + ATad,R... 

Williams, R. /. Rozenberg, B. A., Pascault, J.-P.. Reaction Induced Phase Separation in Modi-... 

Anaphylactic/anaphylaxis Immediate, severe, potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction induced by an antigen. 

Chiu et al. developed the first example of a reductive intramolecular Henry reaction induced by Stryker s reagent (Scheme 30) [53]. The conjugate reduction of keto-nitroalkenes with [Ph3PCuH]6 (150 mol%) triggers spontaneous nitro-aldol reaction at - 40 °C to produce (f-hydroxy nitro compounds in moderate yield. 

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