Irritant contact dermatitis

Jessner s Solution has been used for over 100 years as a therapeutic agent to treat hyperkera-totic epidermal lesions [1]. This superficial peeling agent constitutes a mixture of salicylic acid, resorcinol, and lactic acid in 95% ethanol. Jessner s solution causes loss of corneocyte cohesion and induces intercellular and intracellular edema. Jessner s typically induces wounding to the level of the papillary dermis. Historically, resorcinol (a key component of Jessner s peels) was used in concentrations of 10-50% in the early twentieth century. High concentrations of resorcinol were associated with side effects such as allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact... 

Formaldehyde is one of the most common causes of occupational skin disease the major effects of formaldehyde on the skin are irritant dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant dermatitis results from direct injury to the skin and is characterized by redness and thickening of the affected areas. In more severe cases there may be blistering, scaling, and the formation of fissures. 

Unlabeled Uses Allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, psoriasis... 

Urticaria and angioedema Allergic contact dermatoconjunctivitis Allergic contact dermatitis Photoallergic contact dermatitis Irritative or toxic contact dermatitis Phototoxic dermatitis Cumulative deposition... 

Medicines may also be exempted from POM classification if there are limitations on the use of the product. An example would be hydrocortisone cream 1% normally categorised as a POM but as a P medicine in packaging that limits the use of the cream to the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, insect bite reactions and mild to moderate eczema it should be applied sparingly once or twice a day for a maximum of one week. The P form or over-the-counter (OTC) form is only licensed for those indications and dosages listed above and further restriction to sales include unsuitability for OTC sale to treat ... 

Mechlorethamine hydrochloride (Mustargen) and carmustine (bischloronitrosourea, BCNU, BICNU) are used topically to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Both can be applied as a solution or in ointment form. It is important to monitor complete blood counts and liver function tests because systemic absorption can cause bone marrow suppression and hepatitis. Other side effects include allergic contact dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, secondary cutaneous malignancies, and pigmentary changes. Carmustine also can cause erythema and posttreatment telangiectasias. 

Irritant contact dermatitis Irritant dermatitis is a nonimmunological, local inflammatory response at the site on single, repeated, or continuous contact with a chemical. It results in erythema (reddening of the skin) and edema (accumulation of fluid), which is often irregular or patchy in nature. 

As mentioned above, in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, irritants and allergens are simultaneously interwoven and endogenous and environmental factors are often additionally involved. This leads to overlapping categories between ICD and ACD. In practice, the... 

Basketter DA, Reynolds FS, York M (1997) Predictive testing in contact dermatitis irritant dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 15 ... 

Wilhelm KP (1995) Irritant dermatitis Experimental aspects. In Eisner P, Maibach HI (eds) Irritant dermatitis. New clinical and experimental aspects. Karger, Basel, pp 144-151 Wilhelm KP, Surber C, Maibach HI (1989) Quantification of sodium lauryl sulphate irritant dermatitis in man comparison of four techniques skin color, reflectance, transepidermal water loss, laser Doppler flow measurement and visual scores. Arch Dermatol Res 281 293-295 Wilkinson JD, Willis CM (1998) Contact dermatitis irritant. In Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, Breathnach SM (eds) Textbook of dermatology, 6th edn. Blackwell, London, PP 709-731... 

It must be pointed out that the vast majority of occupational dermatoses is represented by contact dermatitis [irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions] rarely, infectious dermatitis or other forms of dermatitis are encountered. 

Diagnosis. Clinical signs of chromium toxicosis include contact dermatitis, irritation of the nasal passages, and acute gastroenteritis. 

Eye and Skin Contact. Some nickel salts and aqueous solutions of these salts, eg, the sulfate and chloride, may cause a primary irritant reaction of the eye and skin. The most common effect of dermal exposure to nickel is allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel dermatitis may occur in sensitized individuals following close and prolonged contact with nickel-containing solutions or metallic objects such as jewelry, particularly pierced earrings. It is estimated that 8—15% of the female human population and 0.2—2% of the male human population is nickel-sensitized (125). 

Tertiary Amine Catalysts. The Hquid tertiary aHphatic amines used as catalysts in the manufacture of polyurethanes can cause contact dermatitis and severe damage to the eye. Inhalation can produce moderate to severe irritation of the upper respiratory tracts and the lungs. Ventilation, protective clothing, and safety glasses are mandatory when handling these chemicals. 

Caution should be taken when using glutaraldehyde. Gloves and aprons should be worn and adequate ventilation provided. It has been reported to produce contact dermatitis, eye irritation, nausea, headache, rashes, and asthmatic reaction (125). 

Allergic contact dermatitis, burning, dryness, edema, irritation... 

Lisi P, Caraffmi S, Assalve D. 1987. Irritation and sensitization potential of pesticides. Contact Dermatitis 17 212-218. 

Dermal Effects. There have been no reports of adverse dermal effects associated with exposure to endosulfan in humans. When tested in farmers, endosulfan did not cause contact dermatitis (Schuman and Dobson 1985). Studies in experimental animals have shown that dermal exposure to endosulfan is only slightly to moderately irritating at relatively high doses (Hoechst 1983b, 1985c, 1985d, 1989b Industria Prodotti Chimici 1975). 

Complications of hydroquinone therapy include acute and chronic reactions. Common acute reactions are irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Lesional and perilesional hypopig-mentation may occur. This is usually a tempo-... 

Cytotoxic and hemolytic activity has been obtained from the sponge Pachy-matisma johnstonii 63). Debromoaplysiatoxin, which causes contact dermatitis and a pustular folliculitis in humans and severe inflammation in rabbits, is one of the most potent skin irritants known 64). 

Some nickel compounds may be irritant to skin and eyes and dermal contact with nickel can result in allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel carbonyl is extremely toxic by inhalation and should be handled in totally enclosed systems or with extremely efficient ventilation. Air monitors linked to alarms may be required to detect leaks. Respiratory equipment must be available for dealing with leaks. Biological checks (e.g. nickel in urine) should be considered for routine operations involving nickel catalysts. 

Skin contact with metalworking fluids may cause skin irritation or a contact irritant dermatitis. Contact with neat oils may cause folliculitis (oil acne). Contact with some aqueous-mix fluids may, depending upon the additives, e.g. biocides, cause an allergic contact dermatitis. Formerly the use of unrefined mineral oils posed a risk of skin cancer. 

Anderson C, Sundberg K, Groth O. 1986. Animal model for assessment of skin irritancy. Contact Dermatitis 15 143-151. 

Irritant contact dermatitis results from first-time exposures to irritating substances such as soaps, plants, cleaning solutions, or solvents. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs after an initial sensitivity and further exposure to allergenic substances, including poison ivy, latex, and certain types of metals. 

FIGURE 62-4. Irritant contact dermatitis. Erythema and edema with spared areas on the back at sites in contact with an irritant in a 30-year-old male. (From Wolff K, Johnson RA. Eczema/ dermatitis. Fitzpatrick s Color Atlas Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 2005 20.)... 

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