Acute skin irritation

Kabbur, M.B., et al., Effect of JP-8 jet fuel on molecular and histological parameters related to acute skin irritation, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 175, 83, 2001. 

Robinson, M.K. and Basketter, D.A. Validity and ethics of the human 4 hour patch test as an alternative method to assess acute skin irritation potential. Contact Dermatitis 2001 45 1-12. 

Information on the potential of chemicals to cause acute skin irritation becomes important. This assumes great significance to establishing procedures and alternative methods for the safe handling, packing, and transportation of chemicals as well as for general safety-assessment purposes.14-17... 

J.H. Fentem, D. Briggs, C. Chesne, G.R. Elliott, J.W. Harbell, J.R. Haylings, P. Portes, R. Roguet, J.J.M. van de Sandt, and P.A. Botham, A prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation Results and evaluation by the management team. Toxicol. Invitro. 15 57-93, 2001. 

CAUTION DCC and other carbodiimides are acute skin irritants and allergenic in susceptible individuals. The carbodiimides should be handled with gloves in a fumehood. Since DCC has a low melting point (mp 34-35 °C), it can also be handled as a liquid after gentle warming in a water bath. 

DM Reilly, MR Green. Eicosanoid and cytokine levels in acute skin irritation in response to tape stripping and capsaicin. Acta Derm Venereol 79(3) 187-190, 1999. 

Most commonly, skin irritation to chemicals occurs clinically as cumulative irritant dermatitis. MSDS data is most often based on evidence of the acute skin-irritation potential of the product. Such data may not always be fully predictive of cumulative irritation potential (Hannuksela and Hannuksela 1995). Furthermore, if the product is a preparation rather than a single substance, MSDS information may be based on the conventional calculation method, in which labeling is only applied if the sum of classified irritants is at least 20% (European Community 1988). To put this in simple terms, it means that 20% aqueous sodium lauryl sulphate would be described as irritant, whilst 19.9% would not be so labeled. 

Coverly J, Peters L, Whittle E, Basketter DA (1998) Susceptibility to skin stinging, non-immunologic contact urticaria and acute skin irritation is there a relationship Contact Dermatitis 38 90-95... 

Pilotto, L., Hobson, R, Burch, M.D., et al., 2004. Acute skin irritant effects of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in healthy volunteers. Austr. New Zealand J. Publ. Health 28 (3), 220-224. 

Handling, Storage, and Precautions is an acute skin irritant in susceptible individuals. Because of its low melting point, it is conveniently handled as a liquid by gentle warming of the reagent container. It should be handled with gloves in a fume hood, and stored under anhydrous conditions. 

Butynediol is a primary skin irritant and sensitizer, requiring appropriate precautions. Acute oral toxicity is relatively high LD q is 0.06 g/kg for white... 

Health and Safety Factors. Butyrolactone is neither a skin irritant nor a sensiti2er however, it is judged to be a severe eye irritant in white rabbits. The acute oral LD q is 1.5 ml,/kg for white rats or guinea pigs. Subacute oral feeding studies were carried out with rats and with dogs. At levels up... 

With respect to acute toxicity, based on lethaHty in rats or rabbits, acryhc monomers are slightly to moderately toxic. Mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract are particularly sensitive to irritation. Acrylates can produce a range of eye and skin irritations from slight to corrosive depending on the monomer. 

Material Acute oral LD q tats, s/V Eye irritation, rabbits Primary skin irritation, rabbits... 

Primary Irritancy Studies. These studies are employed to determine the potential of materials to cause local inflammatory effects in exposed body surfaces, notably skin and eye, following acute or short-term repeated exposure. In general, the approach involves applying the test material to the surface of the skin or eye, and observing for signs of inflammation, their duration, and resolution. Reviews have been written about the conduct of primary eye irritation (58,86,87) and primary skin irritation studies (88,89). 

Acute toxicity in laboratory animals and target species, including eye and skin irritation and toxicity. 

Toxicity of Chlorine Sanitizers. Chlorine-based swimming-pool and spa and hot-tub sanitizers irritate eyes, skin, and mucous membranes and must be handled with extreme care. The toxicities are as follows for chlorine gas, TLV = 1 ppm acute inhalation LC q = 137 ppm for 1 h (mouse) (75). The acute oral LD q (rats) for the Hquid and soHd chlorine sanitizers are NaOCl (100% basis) 8.9 g/kg (76), 65% Ca(OCl)2 850 mg/kg, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate 735 mg/kg, and trichloroisocyanuric acid 490 mg/kg. Cyanuric acid is essentially nontoxic based on an oral LD q > 20 g/kg in rabbits. Although, it is mildly irritating to the eye, it is not a skin irritant. A review of the toxicological studies on cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives is given in ref. 77. 

The water solubiUty of glutaric acid fosters its toxicity. Glutaric acid is a known nephrotoxin. Renal failure has been documented ia rabbits adruinistered sodium glutarate subcutaneously (124). Dibasic ester (Du Pont), which contains primarily dimethyl glutarate, has low acute toxicity by inhalation and by ingestion, and is moderately toxic via dermal absorption. The acid is both a dermal and ocular irritant of humans. The ester is a severe skin irritant and may cause a rash ia humans (120). 

The acute oral toxicity and the primary skin and acute eye irritative potentials of dimer acids, distilled dimer acids, trimer acids, and monomer acids have been evaluated based on the techniques specified ia the Code of Eederal Regulatioas (CER) (81). The results of this evaluatioa are showa ia Table 7. Based oa these results, monomer acids, distilled dimer acids, dimer acids, and trimer acids are classified as nontoxic by ingestion, are not primary skin irritants or corrosive materials, and are not eye irritants as these terms are defined ia the Eederal regulatioas. 

Overexposure to acryhc mbbers is not likely to cause significant acute toxic effects. ACM however may contain residual monomers, mainly acrylate monomers, vapors of which are known to cause eye and/or skin irritation. 

Toxic Reactions of the Skin Irritation is the most common reaction of the skin. Skin irritation is usually a local inflammatory reaction. The most common skin irritants are solvents dehydrating, oxidizing, or reducing compounds and cosmetic compounds. Acids and alkalies are common irritants. Irritation reactions can be divided into acute irritation and corrosion. Necrosis of the surface of the skin is typical for corrosion. Acids and alkalies also cause chemical burns. Phenols, organotin compounds, hydrogen fluoride, and yellow phosphorus may cause serious burns. Phenol also causes local anesthesia, in fact it has been used as a local anesthetic in minor ear operations such as puncture of the tympanous membrane in cases of otitis. ... 

Toxicological properties Acute toxicity (by two routes of admission) Skin irritation... 

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