Primary Irritation

Skin irritation. Primary skin irritation tests run on this polyether indicate the material should be considered a very irritating substance. 

Acute oral toxicity Acute dermal toxicity Primary skin irritation Primary eye irritation Skin sensitization Ames assay (gene mutation) Rat and/or in vitro method Rat and/or in vitro method Rabbit and/or in vitro method Rabbit and/or in vitro method Guinea pig or LLNA Bacteria... 

Oral (LD50) > 5.0 g/kg [Rat], Primary Dermal Irritation 1.0 (PII). No evidence of corrosion was noted. Not a primary irritant. Primary Ocular Irritation No evidence of corrosion was noted. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 7700 mg/kg, (oral, mouse) 3400 mg/kg moderately toxic by Ingestion eye irritant primary irritant tumorigen TSCA listed... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 7620 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) > 5 g/kg mildly toxic by ing. may be harmful by ing., inh., skin absorp. may cause irritation primary skin irritant Precaution Combustible liq. vapor may flash back incompat. with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases... 

Tier I Acute toxicity Oral, dermal, and inhalation Irritation — primary ocular, primary dermal Hypersensitivity immediate, nonimmediate Genotoxicity Cellular Immune Response. 

C pH 2 max. (10% aq.) Ross-Miies foam 155 mm (initial, 0.1%) 99% NV Toxicology Severe eye irritant primary dennal irritant TSCA listed Precaution Corrosive incompat. with strong oxidizing or reducing agents HMIS Health 3, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0... 

C flash pt, (OC) 440 F pFI (10% sol n) < 1,5 volatiles 0,7% max. Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4450 mg/kg severe eye irritant primary skin irritant Precaution Wear impervious gloves, rubber apron, chemical goggles incompat, with strong oxidizers, reducers NFPA Flealth 2, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Jet Amine DC [WItco ]... 

Formaldehyde, HCHO, is a primary and necessary constituent of the first five synthetic adhesives in the listing. It is a simple organic chemical first identified during the latter half of the 1800s. Its irritating and toxic odor and preservative properties were known from the time of its early development. It is a ubiquitous chemical, formed naturally in small quantities by every process of incomplete combustion as well as in normal biologic processes. The human body has a natural formaldehyde level of about 3 lg/g, ie, 3 parts per million (ppm) in the blood at all times. 

Propargyl alcohol is a primary skin irritant and a severe eye irritant and is toxic by all means of ingestion all necessary precautions must be taken to avoid contact with Hquid or vapors. The LD q is 0.07 mL/kg for white rats and 0.06 mL/kg for guinea pigs. 

Butynediol is a primary skin irritant and sensitizer, requiring appropriate precautions. Acute oral toxicity is relatively high LD q is 0.06 g/kg for white... 

Health nd Safety Factors. Butenediol is noncorrosive and stable under normal handling conditions. It is a primary skin irritant but not a sensitizer contact with skin and eyes should be avoided. It is much less toxic than butynediol. The LD q is 1.25 mL/kg for white rats and 1.25—1.5 mL/kg for guinea pigs. 

Health and Safety Factors. Butanediol is much less toxic than its unsaturated analogs. It is neither a primary skin irritant nor a sensitizer. Because of its low vapor pressure, there is ordinarily no inhalation problem. As with all chemicals, unnecessary exposure should be avoided. The LD q for white rats is 1.55 g/kg. 

Material Acute oral LD q tats, s/V Eye irritation, rabbits Primary skin irritation, rabbits... 

Primary human skin irritation of tetradecanol, hexadecanol, and octadecanol is nil they have been used for many years ia cosmetic creams and ointments (24). Based on human testing and iudustrial experience, the linear, even carbon number alcohols of 6—18 carbon atoms are not human skin sensitizers, nor are the 7-, 9- and 11-carbon alcohols and 2-ethylhexanol. Neither has iudustrial handling of other branched alcohols led to skin problems. Inhalation hazard, further mitigated by the low vapor pressure of these alcohols, is slight. Sustained breathing of alcohol vapor or mist should be avoided, however, as aspiration hazards have been reported (25). 

Anesthesia. Materials that have unquestionable anesthetic properties are chloral hydrate [302-17-0] paraldehyde, dimethoxymethane [109-87-5] and acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. In iadustrial exposures, however, any action as an anesthesia is overshadowed by effects as a primary irritant, which prevent voluntary inhalation of any significant quantities. The small quantities which can be tolerated by inhalation are usually metabolized so rapidly that no anesthetic symptoms occur. 

A.lkyl Sulfosuccinate Half Asters. These detergents are prepared by reaction of maleic anhydride and a primary fatty alcohol, followed by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite. A typical member of this group is disodium lauryl sulfosucciaate [26838-05-1]. Although not known as effective foamers, these surfactants can boost foams and act as stabilizers when used ia combination with other anionic surfactants. In combination with alkyl sulfates, they are said to reduce the irritation effects of the latter (6). 

Eye and Skin Contact. Some nickel salts and aqueous solutions of these salts, eg, the sulfate and chloride, may cause a primary irritant reaction of the eye and skin. The most common effect of dermal exposure to nickel is allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel dermatitis may occur in sensitized individuals following close and prolonged contact with nickel-containing solutions or metallic objects such as jewelry, particularly pierced earrings. It is estimated that 8—15% of the female human population and 0.2—2% of the male human population is nickel-sensitized (125). 

Properties of other higher a-olefins and those of some commercially significant cycloolefins are given in Table 2. These monomers are fiquids at ambient temperature and pressure. They are highly combustible and can form explosive mixtures with air. The primary health hazards presented by these monomers are associated with inhalation or prolonged skin contact that can cause irritation. 

Phosphoms(V) sulfide is a mild skin irritant and may cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals. The primary health ha2ard results from the Hberation of hydrogen sulfide after contact with moisture. Contact with moisture also forms phosphoric acid. A secondary ha2ard is the formation of sulfur dioxide when phosphoms(V) sulfide bums. The oral LD q of in rats is 389 mg/kg the OSHA standard time-weighted average (TWA) is 1 mg /m (33). 

Propylene oxide is a primary irritant, a mild protoplasmic poison, and a mild depressant of the central nervous system. Skin contact, even in dilute solution (1%), may cause irritation to the eyes, respiratory tract, and lungs. Propylene oxide is a suspected carcinogen in animals. The LC q (lowest lethal concentration by inhalation in tats) is 4000 mg/kg body weight. The LD q (oral) is 930 mg/kg. The LD q (dermal) is 1500 mg/kg. The TWA (8-h exposure) is 100 ppm and the STEP (15-min exposure) is 150 ppm. 

AHphatic amine oxides such as alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and aLkylbis(2-hydroxylethyl)amiae oxides range from practically nontoxic to slightly toxic (79). Reported LD qS range from 1.77 g/kg to 6.50 g/kg. The commercial concentrated products are primary skin and eye irritants. At concentrations of 2%, these products may be considered as nonirritating to the skin or eye. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

Primary Irritancy Studies. These studies are employed to determine the potential of materials to cause local inflammatory effects in exposed body surfaces, notably skin and eye, following acute or short-term repeated exposure. In general, the approach involves applying the test material to the surface of the skin or eye, and observing for signs of inflammation, their duration, and resolution. Reviews have been written about the conduct of primary eye irritation (58,86,87) and primary skin irritation studies (88,89). 

Poly(methyl vinyl ether-i o-maleic anhydride) and their monoalkyl ester derivatives have been shown on rabbits to be neither primary irritants nor primary sensiti2ers to skin and eyes. The acute oral toxicities on white rats of the two copolymers are, respectively, 29 g/kg and 25 g/kg body weight. 

The concentration of inorganic and organic chloramines in pool water is controlled by superchlorination or shock treatment. Because chloramines are decomposed by sunlight, their effects are more noticeable in indoor pools or spas. Nitrogen trichloride, the primary volatile chloramine, is a strong irritant similar to chlorine. Its effect is noticeable at >0.5 mg/m (>0.1 ppm) (73). The concentration of NCl depends on the extent of ventilation and typically varies from 0.2 to 0.5 mg /m (0.04 to 0.1 ppm) (74). 

The first -PDA antiozonants were low molecular weight -diaLkyl-/)-PDAs which caused skin irritations. Current higher molecular weight -dialkyl or A/-alkyl-AT-aryl derivatives are not primary skin irritants. A notable exception is A/-(I-methylethyl)-A7-phenyl-/)-PDA, which causes dermatitis. However, since some individuals are more sensitive than others, antiozonants should always be handled with care (46). When skin contact does occur, the affected area should be washed with mild soap and water. In case of eye contact, flush weU with water. Inhalation of mbber chemicals should be avoided, and respiratory equipment should be used in dusty areas. 

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