Accidental discharge

Swift, I., Developments in Emergency Relief Design and the Characterization of Accidental Discharges From Pressurized Vessels, I. Chem. E. Symposium Series 85, 1984. 

Where accidental discharge of untreated effluent does occur, the appropriate water authority and/or environmental health officer should be advised immediately. All steps should be taken to limit the extent and intensity of any potential contamination. 

Cyanide hazards to fish, wildlife, and livestock are well documented. Massive kills of freshwater fish by accidental discharges of cyanide wastes are fairly common (Holden and Marsden 1964 Leduc 1978 Towill et al. 1978 USEPA 1980 Albersworth et al. 1989 Ripley et al. 1996). In one case, cyanide-containing mine effluents from a Canadian tailings pond released into a nearby creek... 

The excess head loss terms 2 Kt are found using the 2-K method presented earlier in section 4-4. For most accidental discharges of gases the flow is fully developed turbulent flow. This means that for pipes the friction factor is independent of the Reynolds number and that for fittings Kf = and the solution is direct. 

Craven, A. D., "A Simple Method of Estimating Exothermicity by Average Bond Energy Summation" in Hazards from Pressure Exothermic Reactions, Unstable Substances, Pressure Relief and Accidental Discharge, I. Chem. Eng. Symp. Series, 102, 97 (1987). 

Following an accidental discharge of stored chemicals including disulfoton, the estimated biodegradation half-life of disulfoton in Rhine River water was between 7 and 41 days at 10 °C (Wanner et al. 1989). Therefore, biodegradation of disulfoton is expected to be important in water, and the rate will depend on the initial concentration. A theoretical model predicted that over 12 days biodegradation and photolysis would account for an 80% mass loss of disulfoton in the Rhine River after an accident spill incident (Mossman et al. 1988) however, the removal of disulfoton by chemical processes was much slower than by biodegradation (Capel et al. 1988). 

Adams et al.l reported three hand injuries that resulted from accidental discharges of tear-gas guns at close range. Surgery was required In all three to alleviate pain and In two to remove wadding and other foreign material. All three patients suffered continuing pain and some loss of sensation, apparently from the toxic action of CN on nerves. 

CN may cause primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis by delayed hypersensitivity. After sensitization, acute exposure to CN causes itching, erythema, edema, vesiculation, purpura, and necrosis.28 Jolly and Carpenter reported that an accidental discharge of a pen gun resulted in erythema and edema 24 h later the patient had been exposed to CN 5 yr earlier. Queen and Stander reported severe reactions to CN 17 yr after a first exposure to the agent. 

The handbook contains information needed to help personnel make the proper response to handling chemicals and in particular during an emergency situation as such, this handbook could be carried to the actual scene of a hazardous materials incident. In the latter case, it is intended for use by personnel and others who may be the first to arrive at the site of an accidental discharge or fire and who need readily available and easily understood information about the hazardous properties of the chemical involved. The information provided can assist in determining the proper actions that should be taken immediately to safeguard life and property and to prevent contamination of the environment. 

Personal Protective Equipment — The items are those recommended by (a) manufacturers, either in technical bulletins or in Material Safety Data Sheets, (b) the Manufacturing Chemists Association, or (c) the National Safety Council, for use by personnel while responding to fire or accidental discharge of the chemical. They are intended to protect the lungs, eyes, and skin. 

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics — In all cases involving accidental discharge, dilution with water may be followed by use of the agent specified, particularly if the material cannot be flushed away the agent specified need not necessarily be used. This information can be found in Chapter 4. 

In 1950, a serious explosion occurred in Midland, MI at The Dow Chemical Company in a chemical processing unit. Butadiene and styrene, in vapor and liquid forms, were accidentally discharged into a large processing area. The... 

Many coastal ecosystems have elevated levels of metals and radionuclides (14). Anthropogenic sources of stable isotopes of metals include sewage disposal plants, electroplating plants, and mining and dredging operations sources of radioactive isotopes include effluents from nuclear power plants and submarines, medical establishments, and uranium ore mining. The pollution from most of these operations results from routine or accidental discharges and are either continuous or episodic. 

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