Exposure pesticides

EH 74/3 Dermal exposure to non-agricultural pesticides exposure assessment document... 

Data files on the THERdbASE CD are 1990 Bureau of Census Population Information, California Adult Activity Pattern Study (1987-88), AT T-sponsored National Activity Pattern Study (1985), Chemical Agents from Sources, Chemical Agent Properties, Air Exchange Rates, Information from EPA s TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Studies, Information from EPA s NOPES (NonOccupational Pesticides Exposure Study) Studies, Information from EPA s AIRS (Aerometric Information Retrieval System), and Human Physiological Parameters. 

Arbuckle TE, Sever LE. 1998. Pesticide exposures and fetal death A review of the epidemiologic literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 28 229-270. 

Azaroff LS, Neas LM. 1999. Acute health effects associated with nonoccupational pesticide exposure in mral El Salvador. Environ Res A80 158-164. 

Bradman MA, Hamly ME, Braper W, et al. 1997. Pesticide exposures to children from California s central valley Results of a pilot study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 7 217-234. 

De Peyster A, Willis WO, Molgaard CA, et al. 1993. Cholinesterase and self-reported pesticide exposure among pregnant women. Arch Environ Health 48 348-352. 

Desi I, Nagymajtenyi L, Papp A, et al. 1998. Experimental model studies of pesticide exposure. Neurotoxicology 19 611-616. 

He F. 1993. Biological monitoring of occupational pesticides exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 93 S69-S76. 

Juhler RK, Larsen SB, Meyer O, et al. 1999a. Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 415-423. 

Nigg HN, Knaak JB. 2000. Blood cholinesterases as human biomarkers of organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 163 29-112. 

Sever EE, Arbuckle TE, Sweeney A. 1997. Reproductive and developmental effects of occupational pesticide exposure The epidemiologic evidence. Occup Med 12 305-325. 

Oudbier AJ, Bloomer AW, Price HA, et al. 1974. Respiratory route of pesticide exposure as a potential health hazard. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 1-9. 

Bretveld, R.W., Thomas, C.M.G., and Scheepers, P.T.J. et al. (2006). Pesticide exposure the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 4. 

Swan, S.H., Kruse, R.L., and Liu, F. et al. (2003b). Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1478-1484. 

EPA has an active research program in progress on methodology and quantitation of pesticide exposure to pesticide handlers and... 

S.J. Gee, A.D. Lucas, and B.D. Hammock, Using immunochemical methods to analyze for biomarkers of exposure, in Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment, ed. PB. Curry,... 

J.N. Seiber and J.E. Woodrow, Airborne residues and human exposure, in Determination and Assessment of Pesticide Exposure, ed. M. Siewierski, Studies in Environmental Science 24, Elsevier, New York, pp. 133-146 (1984). 

CL95 = 0.008-0.28 qgg ). Diazinon concentrations in earthworm samples were higher p < 0.005) in PA orchards, where rainfall was frequent, than in the more arid WA orchards. This difference also existed for live captured earthworms from PA and WA p < 0.017). A large number of samples are required to detect differences in pesticide exposures from living and dead invertebrates with confidence. Vertebrate exposures can be influenced by differential residue concentration for living and dead/moribund food items. 

C.P. Weisskopf and J.N. Seiber, New approaches to the analysis of organophosphate metabolites in the urine of field workers, in ACS Symposium Series Biological Monitoring for Pesticide Exposure Measurement, Estimation, and Risk Reduction, eds. R.G.M. Wang, C.A. Franklin, R.C. Honeycutt, and J.C. Reinert, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 206-214 (1989). 

M.J. Hooper, L.W. Brewer, G.P. Cobb, and R.J. Kendall, An integrated laboratory and field approach for assessing hazards of pesticide exposure to wildhfe, in Pesticide Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife, eds. L. Somerville and C.H. Walker, Taylor Francis, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 271-283 (1990). 

The duration of sampling and size of biological samples used to monitor pesticide exposure in farm workers... 

Table 1.3. Average annual pesticide exposure, 1980-84, by active substance (a.s.) in several USSR Regions [3]... 

Contamination of the environment with DDT and other OCPs will remain a global phenomenon for many years to come. No one is protected from pesticide exposure, especially from exposure to OCPs. Thus, in the near future, all biochemical processes in living organisms will take place under unprecedented complex and practically unpredictable conditions. 

Table 3.3. Illness indicators in regions of Tajikistan in 1974-77 from zones with differing pesticide exposure [86]...

In several regions of Belorussia [A105], a correlation was observed between liver and gall bladder disease among people using pesticides at work, and the pesticide exposure of a given territory. Statistically, this correlation became apparent at levels of pesticide exposure of 2 kg/h and higher. 

Blood was studied in a group of virtually healthy adolescents aged 14-17 from two localities in the Ukraine, where pesticide exposure differed by a factor of three, though the pesticide content in food products, drinking water, air and soil in the experimental zone was not higher than public health standards permitted. In Azerbaijan there was a difference of 100 times in the amounts of pesticides used in the experimental and control localities, while the pesticide contamination of elements of the environment and food products in the experimental zone was 2-50 times higher than acceptable levels [A97]. Table 3.6 shows the results. 

Newborns are especially vulnerable to pesticides effects, since they do not have a fully developed immune system and adaptation mechanisms, or detoxification systems for foreign chemicals. A direct correlation between overall pesticide exposure in a given territory and primary illness in newborns [A101] was traced into even those territories of the Ukraine where the volumes of pesticides used were not extreme. The clearest expression of the pesticide exposure - primary newborn illness correlation is seen with pesticides of the second risk class (by toxicity), while the correlation is less clear for pesticides of the third and fourth categories. The most dangerous pesticides of all types for newborns are OCPs, with OPPs a close second [A101]. 

In rural regions with maximal pesticide exposure, children more often suffer the following illnesses before the age of 14 [A109] iron-deficit anemias (10 times more often in Turkmenia, 4 times in Armenia, 2.5 times in Azerbaijan, 2 times in Uzbekistan, and 1.4 times in Moldavia) active tuberculosis (2 times in Moldavia, 2.3 times in Kirgizia, 1.6 times in Armenia and Azerbaijan) viral hepatitis (23.7 times in Turkmenia, 2.4 times in Armenia, 2 times in Azerbaijan, 1.2 times in Kirgizia) and acute upper respiratory tract infections (21 times in Turkmenia, 1.4 times in Kirgizia). 

An examination of 5550 boys and 5496 girls in Armenia showed a marked worsening of physical development indicators among rural newborns as pesticide exposure grew. These indicators were worst in families where the parents worked in contact with pesticides. In all studied cases, children in these families were more retarded in their physical development than children whose parents had no contact with pesticides. Children were most retarded in their physical development where both parents worked with pesticides [A99]. 

Table 3.10. Average annual number of illnesses (per 10,000) established for the first time in children up to age 14 in rural regions of the USSR in 1980-84 in territories with differing pesticide exposure [3]...

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