Kidney failure acute

Kidney Failure The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH]... 

Kidney Failure, Acute A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH]... 

Hepatic failure, severe rash, hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyolysis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-lohnson syndrome, and acute kidney failure have been reported. 

Aminoglycoside use is limited somewhat by problems with toxicity.66 Nephrotoxicity, as indicated by bloody urine, acute renal tubular necrosis, and so on, is one of the more common and serious adverse effects.49,66 Ototoxicity, as indicated by dizziness and ringing or fullness in the ears, may also occur. This effect can be irreversible in severe cases.67 Toxicity may occur more frequently in certain individuals, such as patients with liver or kidney failure, or in elderly patients. To reduce the risk of toxicity, drug levels in the bloodstream must be periodically monitored so dosages can be adjusted for individual patients. Other adverse effects include hypersensitivity (e.g., skin rashes, itching) in susceptible individuals. 

As their name suggests, osmotic diuretics such as mannitol (Osmitrol), isosorbide (Ismotic), and glycerin (Osmoglyn) draw fluid from the tissues of the body through principles of osmosis. Osmotic diuretics are typically given to treat or prevent acute renal failure (kidney failure). They may also be used to relieve intracranial pressure (swelling of the brain) in cases of head injury or hydrocephalus. 

Further into the body, methamphetamine has been implicated in damages to the kidney and liver. In the kidney, methamphetamine use has been shown to cause acute kidney failure by constriction of the blood vessels that nourish the kidney. In the liver, methamphetamines have been shown to cause direct liver damage both through the drug itself and through the many contaminants street methamphetamine often contains. 

Kolf s early devices were used for patients who had suffered acute kidney failure as a result of trauma or poisoning and needed dialysis only a few times. Such emergency treatment was the main application of hemodialysis until the early 1960s, because patients suffering from chronic kidney disease require dialysis two to three times per week for several years, which was not practical with these early devices. However, application of hemodialysis to this class of patient was made possible by improvements in the dialyzer design in the 1960s. The development of a plastic shunt that could be permanently fitted to the patient to allow easy access to their blood supply was also important. This shunt, developed by Scribner et al. [6], allowed dialysis without the need for surgery to connect the patient s blood vessels to the dialysis machine for each treatment. 

Figure 12.2 Schematic of an early tubular hemodialyzer based on the design of Kolf s original device. The device required several liters of blood to fill the tubing and minor surgery to connect to the patient. Nonetheless, it saved the lives of patients suffering from acute kidney failure [1]...

No studies were located regarding developmental effects of various forms of aluminum following acute-or chronic-duration oral exposure in healthy humans. The only human data on developmental effects come from infants with renal failure and premature infants. Their responses are probably not indicative of responses expected in normal infants. Osteomalacia and increased bone and serum levels of aluminum were reported in 3 infants with kidney failure who had been treated orally with more than 100 mg of Al/kg/day as aluminum hydroxide from the first or sixth month of life (Andreoli et al. 1984 Griswold et al. 1983), and in healthy infants ingesting aluminum-containing antacids (Pivnick et al. 1995). 

Changes in clinical semm and urinary parameters, as well as microscopic examination of tissues, generally indicated severe liver and kidney damage. Acute renal and/or hepatic failure was the probable cause of death. Severe hepatic, renal, and capillary damage was also indicated by light and phase-contrast microscope (Ben-Hur et al. 1972 Ben Hur and Appelbaum 1973). 

Stevens P (2007). Assessment of patients presenting with acute renal failure (acute kidney injury). Medicine 35 429-433... 

Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the urine, often associated with rhabdomy-olysis. Rhabdomyolysis is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. The destruction of the muscle leads to the release of the breakdown products of damaged muscle cells into the blood stream some of these, such as myoglobulin, are harmful to the kidney and may lead to acute kidney failure. 

Dopamine Dj receptors are less widespread than adrenergic receptors. One prominent occurrence is in the kidney arteries. Accordingly, dopamine and related agonists are being used in intensive care treatment of acute kidney failure to improve kidney perfusion. 

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