Acetone-butanol

Acetone-butanol Clostridium acetobutylicum Solvents, chemical intermediate... 

Godia, F., Adler, H. I., Scott, C. D., and Davison, B. H., Use of Immobilized Microbial Membrane Fragments to Remove Oxygen and Favor the Acetone-Butanol Fermentation, Biotechnol. Prog., 6 210 (1990)... 

Mollah, A. H., and Stuckey, D. C., Maximizing the Production of Acetone-Butanol in an Alginate Bead Fluidized Bed Reactor Using Clostridium acetobutylicum, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 56 83 (1993)... 

Different routes for converting biomass into chemicals are possible. Fermentation of starches or sugars yields ethanol, which can be converted into ethylene. Other chemicals that can be produced from ethanol are acetaldehyde and butadiene. Other fermentation routes yield acetone/butanol (e.g., in South Africa). Submerged aerobic fermentation leads to citric acid, gluconic acid and special polysaccharides, giving access to new biopolymers such as polyester from poly-lactic acid, or polyester with a bio-based polyol and fossil acid, e.g., biopolymers . 

A narrow beam, attainable with Raman, was used by Schuster et al.4 to characterize the population distribution in Clostridium cultures. The technique was applied to the acetone-butanol (ABE) fermentation process in which the solventogenic Clostridia go through a complex cell cycle. After drying the cells on calcium fluoride carriers, single-cell spectra were obtained. Cells of different morphology showed different spectra. A number of cell components could be detected and varied in quantity. The approach was seen to be far faster than conventional methods. 

Kansiz et al. has published a paper wherein they used MIR and sequential injections to monitor an acetone-butanol fermentation process.17 In this work, acetone, acetate, n-butanol, butyrate, and glucose were analyzed automatically, using computer-controlled sampling techniques. In this case, gas chromatography was the reference method. The SEPs for the components were acetone, 0.077 acetate, 0.063 butyrate, 0.058 -butanol, 0.301 and glucose, 0.493 g/1. The authors state that the precision and accuracy of the MIR methods were as good as the reference method. 

Miyano, Y. and Hayduk, W. Solubility of butane in several polar and nonpolar solvents and in an acetone-butanol solvent... 

Palladium(iv).—Reaction of quinazoline-2,4-dithione [LH(51)] with PdC in acetone-butanol solvent has yielded the red-brown [PdL2Cl2]. I.r. studies support bidentate co-ordination of the ligand through both and N donors. 

The ethyl alcohol fermentation is of course an age-old process and is so well known that little need be said about it here. The acetone-butanol fermentation is perhaps the next most important industrial fermentation process, although starch in the form of maize has been largely used as the basic material more recently suitably treated molasses has been used. The fermentation, a relatively rapid process requiring about thirty hours, produces about 60 parts of butanol, 30 parts of acetone and 10 parts of ethyl alcohol. These products already have large uses in industry and other uses are being explored. One possibility is the use of butanol in motor fuel. Jean has described a fuel, called Jeanite, consisting mainly of butanol and ethyl alcohol, which shows some promise. Of course the admixture of ethyl alcohol with petroleum is well known and an increased use of this mixture is probable. 

Although acetone is used widely as an industrial solvent, nevertheless it has become the by-product of the acetone-butanol fermentation and there is always the fear of overproduction. There is thus a need for an extension of the industrial utilization of acetone. A possibility in this direction may be in its conversion into pinacol, the preparation of which has recently been improved by McHenry, Drum and O Connor. It is obtained together with isopropyl alcohol by electrolytic reduction of acetone under controlled conditions. Pinacol (LXVI) may be dehydrated to 2,3-dimethylbutadiene which can be converted into a synthetic rubber, or converted through pinacolone (LXVII) into neohexane... 

Nitric acid, Urea, Sulfuric acid, Nitronium tetrafluoroborate. Anhydrous ammonia. Acetonitrile, Ethyl acetate. Chloroform Acetonitrile, Ammonium carbonate. Isopropyl alcohol, Nitronium tetrafluoroborate. Anhydrous ammonia. Diethyl ether. Acetone, Butanol, Ethyl acetate... 

Fermentation. Fermentation is defined (Ref 3) as the production of chemicals by a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions with bacteria, yeasts, or molds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. At present, fermentation is used to produce complex molecules not easily synthesized such as penicillin and other antibiotics, vitamin BI2, and enzymes. Formerly, glycerine (See Fetmentol), acetone, butanol, and citric lactic acids were some of the chemicals produced by fermentation process. Synthesis is now a more economical route to these materials (See also Refs 1 2) Refs 1) P.A. Wells G.E. Ward, IEC 31, 172-77(1939) 2) H.E. Silcox S.B. Lee,... 

Acetone-butanol Acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, C02, H2 Some Clostridium spp. (C. acetobutyicum)... 

Davies, R. 1943. Studies on the acetone-butanol fermentation. IV. Acetonacetic acid decarboxylase of Clostridium acetobutylicum (BY). Biochem. J. 37, 230-238. 

Acetone, butanol Clostridium acetobutylicum Solvents in chemical industry thinners synthetic polymers... 

Commodity Chemicals acetic acid, acetone, butanol, ethanol, many other products from biomass conversion processes. 

Grube, M. Gapes, J.R. 8t Schuster, K.C., Application of quantitative IR spectral analysis of bacterial cells to acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation monitoring Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 471, 127-133. 

Separation of citric acid from fermentation broth Separation of lactic acid from fermentation broth Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) from potato wastes Separation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids... 

Soluble in water, methanol, acetone, butanol, and cyclohexanone. Slightly soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether. Practically insoluble in petroleum ether.1 Light... 

A number of organic compounds can be measured as the unmetabolized compound in blood, urine, and breath. In some cases, the sample can be injected along with its water content directly into a gas chromatograph. Direct injection is used for the measurement of acetone, -butanol, dhnethylformamide, cyclopropane, halothane, methoxyflurane, diethyl ether, isopropanol, methanol, methyl-n-butyl ketone, methyl chloride, methylethyl ketone, toluene, trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. 

Corn steep liquor (CSL), a byproduct of the com wet-milling process, was used in an immobilized cell continuous biofilm reactor to replace the expensive P2 medium ingredients. The use of CSL resulted in the production of 6.29 g/L of total acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as compared with 6.86 g/L in a control experiment. These studies were performed at a dilution rate of 0.32 hr1. The productivities in the control and CSL experiment were 2.19 and 2.01 g/(Lh), respectively. Although the use of CSL resulted in a 10% decrease in productivity, it is viewed that its application would be economical compared to P2 medium. Hence, CSL may be used to replace the P2 medium. It was also demonstrated that inclusion of butyrate into the feed was beneficial to the butanol fermentation. A control experiment produced 4.77 g/L of total ABE, and the experiment with supplemented sodium butyrate produced 5.70 g/L of total ABE. The butanol concentration increased from 3.14 to 4.04 g/L. Inclusion of acetate in the feed medium of the immobilized cell biofilm reactor was not found to be beneficial for the ABE fermentation, as reported for the batch ABE fermentation. 

Cell concentration in the reactor effluent was estimated by optical density (OD) and cell dry weight method using a predetermined correlation between OD at 540 nm and cell dry weight. Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and acids (acetic and butyric) were measured using a 6890 Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and 6 ft x 2 mm glass column (10% CW-20M, 0.01% H3P04, support 80/100 Chromosorb WAW). Productivity was calcu-... 

To compare the performance of the reactor and evaluate the effect of CSL incorporation into the feed, the reactor was fed with CSL medium. Fermentation conditions and the dilution rate were kept constant as in Table 1 for the duration of this experiment. The reactor produced 6.29 g/L of total ABE, of which acetone, butanol, and ethanol were 2.00, 4.16, and 0.13 g/L, respectively (Table 1). This resulted in a productivity of 2.01 g/(L h) and a sugar utilization of 30.5% of that available in the feed (67.5 g/L). Compared to the control, the productivity was reduced by 10%. However, it is anticipated that it would be economical to use CSL compared with the P2 medium. This demonstrated that P2 medium can be replaced by economically available CSL. It is suggested, however, that the CSL... 

Next, an experiment was run in which 2.5 g/L of sodium butyrate was added to P2 medium to investigate whether it could be converted to butanol. A control experiment was run containing P2 medium. A separate control experiment was run before each experiment. This is essential because biomass accumulation in the reactor changes with time, thus affecting performance of the reactor (5). The reactor produced 4.77 g/L of total ABE, of which acetone, butanol, and ethanol were 1.51,3.14, and 0.12 g/L, respectively (Table 1). It resulted in a total ABE productivity of 1.53 g/(L-h) and a glucose utilization of 29.4% of that available in the feed of 59.1 g/L. The acid concentration in the effluent was 1.56 g/L. Following this, P2 medium was supplemented with sodium butyrate and the experiment was conducted at the same dilution rate. The reactor produced 1.55 g/L of acetone, 4.04 g/L of butanol, and 0.11 g/L of ethanol, for a total ABE concentration of 5.70 g/L, compared with 4.77 g/L in the control experiment. The productivity was 1.82 g/(L-h), compared with 1.53 g/(L-h) for the control experiment. These experiments suggested that butyrate was used by the culture to produce additional butanol. Note that 0.9 g/L of butanol was produced from 1.65 g/L of butyrate (2.5 g/L in feed, 0.85 g/L in effluent). The yield calculations do not include the amount of butyrate that was utilized by the culture. 

In 1999, the domestic demand for butanol was 841,000 metric t and it is projected to increase 3% per year (49). During the early twentieth century, the primary method of butanol production was anaerobic fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce a mixture of acetone, butanol, and ethanol. The butanol yields were low, and as oil prices declined after World War II, petrochemical routes to butanol displaced the fermentation route (50). The primary petrochemical route used today involves the hydrogenation of n-butyraldehyde (49), and production costs hover around 0.66/kg (24). 

---