Sugar yield

A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate statistically the main and interactive effects of four process variables (reaction time, enzyme to substrate ratio, surfactant addition, and substrate pretreatment) on enzymatic conversion of waste office paper to sugars. A response surface model relating sugar yield to the four variables was developed on the basis of the experimental results. The model could be successfully used to identify the most efficient combination of the four variables for maximizing the extent of sugar production. 

Invert sugar is only encountered as a syrup. The fructose in the mixture will not crystallise so attempts to crystallise invert sugar yield dextrose. Invert sugar overcomes one of the big drawbacks of sucrose. Invert... 

Sugar Yield of anomeric alkylation from acetylated sugars having OH-1 free (%) a f Yield of anomeric alkylation from unprotected sugars (%) a p... 

In the course of investigations (175) on the structure of evemitrose, the corresponding 1,5-lactone 129, obtained upon oxidation of the sugar, yielded the a,/ -unsaturated derivative 130 when refluxed with methanolic potassium acetate. The same enonolactone 130 was obtained from L-mycar-ose (125c). 

Different routes for converting biomass into chemicals are possible. Fermentation of starches or sugars yields ethanol, which can be converted into ethylene. Other chemicals that can be produced from ethanol are acetaldehyde and butadiene. Other fermentation routes yield acetone/butanol (e.g., in South Africa). Submerged aerobic fermentation leads to citric acid, gluconic acid and special polysaccharides, giving access to new biopolymers such as polyester from poly-lactic acid, or polyester with a bio-based polyol and fossil acid, e.g., biopolymers . 

Many of these findings were made use of in a second plant that was erected at Regensburg, Germany, at a cost of about eight million dollars. This plant had a capacity of about 130 tons of wood per day. Sugar yields of about 60% were claimed. 

Whey can be fortified with sucrose and fermented with yeast to yield an alcoholic whey. Upon freeze concentration, a whey liquor with 10 to 69% alcohol can be obtained. Alcohol fermentation carried out in whey supplemented with brown sugar yields a whey cordial (Baldwin 1868). Wine-like beverages have been made from whey, but they do not appear to be competitive with wines made from grape juice. 

In the e ine connexion may be cited the work of Hcneymau and co-workers - 0. in the sugar yield, involving cyclization of certain nitrate eaten to 2,3-anhydro derivatives (Eq. 307),... 

In Jamaica,302 no effect was found from (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, but positive responses were obtained from low rates of application (less than 0.009 lb. per acre) of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid and 2-(2,4,5 trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. Louisiana sugarcane failed to respond to the low rates of (2,4-dichloro- or (2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid, but (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid at one and three lb. per acre increased the sugar yield significantly at eight days, although not at 25 or 39 days.31 ... 

Dilute Acid Hydrolysis. Data relative to the acid saccharification of the four substrates at various levels of vibratory ball milling are given in Table III and plotted as rate and yield curves in Figures 7 and 8. Table IV summarizes the half-life and maximum sugar yield values derived from these curves. 

Figure 8. Effect of ball milling on sugar yield—acid hydrolysis...

Maximum sugar yields exhibited a similar response to vibratory milling—a 2.4-fold increase in yield for cotton linters, a 1.8-fold increase for Douglas fir, a 1.7-fold increase for newsprint, and a 1.5-fold increase for red oak with 120 min of milling. 

Vibratory milling also yields substantial increases in the rates of dilute acid hydrolysis of all four substrates nearly nine-fold for cotton linters and roughly five-fold for the three lignocelluloses. Increases in maximum sugar yields under simple batch conditions ranged from 60% to 140% over the yields for the unmilled materials. 

The whole procedure normally takes about 1 hr. The acid is then evaporated, and the dry matter can be analyzed. This method can be applied to cellulose from wood, as a-cellulose or pulp, or to other celluloses (e.g., cotton) as well as to cellulosic materials with higher amounts of other polysaccharides (e.g., holocellulose). The chromatograms of the hydrolysates of a-cellulose from beechwood and of holocellulose from sprucewood (Figure 6) are examples of the application of this method. Compared with sulfuric acid hydrolysis, the total sugar yield from the spruce holocellulose is higher after the hydrolysis with concentrated TFA (Table II). Regarding the individual sugars, it can be seen that the... 

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