Industrial solvent

Ethanol (industrial solvent used in preparation of ethyl acetate unleaded gasoline additive)... 

Industrial oils Industrial power Industrial recycling Industrial solid wastes Industrial solvents Inert blanketing gas... 

Halogenation and Hydrohalogenation. Halogens add to the triple bond of acetylene. FeCl catalyzes the addition of CI2 to acetylene to form 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane which is an intermediate in the production of the industrial solvents 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene (see Chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons). Acetylene can be chlorinated to 1,2-dichloroethylene directiy using FeCl as a catalyst... 

E. W. Flick, ed.. Industrial Solvents Handbook, 3rd ed., Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1985, p. 569. 

Through reaction with sulfide or elemental sulfur at 215°C, lignosulfonates can also be used in the commercial production of dimethyl sulfide and methyl mercaptan (77). Dimethyl sulfide produced in the reaction is further oxidized to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a useful industrial solvent (see Sulfoxides). 

Monohydric Alcohols," in I. MeUan, ed.. Source Book of Industrial Solvents, Vol. 3, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1959. 

Industrial solvent appHcations are broad, varied, and complex and each has its own set of characteristics and requirements. Proper solvent selection and blend development have a large impact on the success of the operation in which the solvent is used, from the perspectives of economic effects, technical adequacy, safety issues, and environmental impacts. 

Regulations have a significant impact on the selection and use of industrial solvents. Since 1966, new and more restrictive regulations have been adopted at both the federal and the state levels, which influence the kind of solvents used, the amount used, and the way they are used. Regulations have given impetus to the development of new technologies and products which decrease solvent emissions to minimise environmental impact. 

Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 contain information concerning the physical properties, solvent characteristics (9—11), economic and production data (12,13), and health and safety characteristics of common industrial solvents (14).

Table 2. Physical Properties of Common Industrial Solvents...

Process Raw Material. Industrial solvents are raw materials in some production processes. Eor example, only a small proportion of acetone is used as a solvent, most is used in producing methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A. Alcohols are used in the manufacture of esters and glycol ethers. Diethylenetriamine is also used in the manufacture of curing agents for epoxy resins. Traditionally, chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents have been the starting materials for duorinated hydrocarbon production. 

Volatile organic contaminants occur primarily in groundwaters as a result of the disposal of industrial solvents on the ground or in soakage pits. The removal of these compounds has best been accompHshed by the use of air stripping or adsorption on activated carbon. 

Dimethylformamide. The industrial solvent dimethylformarnide [68-12-2] is manufactured by the reaction between carbon monoxide and dimethylamine [124-40-3],... 

Dichloroethylene appeared frequently in the 1980s Hterature largely because of its presence at ground water cleanup sites. The continued presence of 1,2-dichloroethylene may be a result of the biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene, which are much more common industrial solvents and are likely present because of past disposal practices (11,12). 

Proprietary Solvents and Special Industrial Solvents. Proprietary solvents and special industrial solvents are made with specially denatured alcohols according to the formulas authorized by the BATE. They can be purchased by customers without payment of tax, without posting a bond for tax, and without securing a permit from the BATE. SuppHers are required, however, to notify the BATE of the name, address, type of business, and approximate annual requirements and intended end use for any user buying in bulk. 

Proprietary solvents may be repackaged for retail, wholesale, and industrial sales. Retail sales of special industrial solvents are prohibited. Agents may repackage special industrial solvents for wholesale and industrial sales, but only in dmm quantities and with the producer s label. Special labeling requirements of the BATE apply to both proprietary and special industrial solvents. 

E. Biowning, Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, Elseviei, Amsteidam, The Nethedands, 1965, p. 326. 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

Isopropyl Ether. Isopropyl ether is manufactured by the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with sulfuric acid. It is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in the manufacture of isopropyl alcohol from propylene by the sulfuric acid process, very similar to the production of ethyl ether from ethylene. Isopropyl ether is of moderate importance as an industrial solvent, since its boiling point Hes between that of ethyl ether and acetone. Isopropyl ether very readily forms hazardous peroxides and hydroperoxides, much more so than other ethers. However, this tendency can be controlled with commercial antioxidant additives. Therefore, it is also being promoted as another possible ether to be used in gasoline (33). 

Button, L.G. (2000) Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Processes, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Browning, E. (1965J Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

AC filtration does remove some organic chemicals that can be harmful if present in quantities above the EPA Health Advisory Level (HAL). Included in this category are trihalomethanes (THM), pesticides, industrial solvents (halogenated... 

CCI4 is a common laboratory and industrial solvent with a distinctive smell, usually prepared by reaction of CS2 or CH4 with CI2. Its use as a solvent has declined somewhat because of its toxicity, but CCI4 is still extensively used as an intermediate in preparing Freons such as CFCI3, CF2CI2 and CF3C1 ( )... 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

Multidimensional chromatography has also been applied for the analysis of industrial chemicals and related samples. Industrial samples which have been analyzed by multidimensional chromatography include coal tar, antiknock additives in gasoline (3), light hydrocarbons (4, 5), trihaloalkanes and trihaloalkenes in industrial solvents (6-8), soot and particulate extracts, and various industrial chemicals that might be present in gasoline and oil samples. 

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