Production acetone+butanol+ethanol

Commodity Chemicals acetic acid, acetone, butanol, ethanol, many other products from biomass conversion processes. 

Corn steep liquor (CSL), a byproduct of the com wet-milling process, was used in an immobilized cell continuous biofilm reactor to replace the expensive P2 medium ingredients. The use of CSL resulted in the production of 6.29 g/L of total acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as compared with 6.86 g/L in a control experiment. These studies were performed at a dilution rate of 0.32 hr1. The productivities in the control and CSL experiment were 2.19 and 2.01 g/(Lh), respectively. Although the use of CSL resulted in a 10% decrease in productivity, it is viewed that its application would be economical compared to P2 medium. Hence, CSL may be used to replace the P2 medium. It was also demonstrated that inclusion of butyrate into the feed was beneficial to the butanol fermentation. A control experiment produced 4.77 g/L of total ABE, and the experiment with supplemented sodium butyrate produced 5.70 g/L of total ABE. The butanol concentration increased from 3.14 to 4.04 g/L. Inclusion of acetate in the feed medium of the immobilized cell biofilm reactor was not found to be beneficial for the ABE fermentation, as reported for the batch ABE fermentation. 

Cell concentration in the reactor effluent was estimated by optical density (OD) and cell dry weight method using a predetermined correlation between OD at 540 nm and cell dry weight. Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and acids (acetic and butyric) were measured using a 6890 Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and 6 ft x 2 mm glass column (10% CW-20M, 0.01% H3P04, support 80/100 Chromosorb WAW). Productivity was calcu-... 

We explored the influence of dilution rate and pH in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. A 200-mL fibrous bed bioreactor was used to produce high cell density and butyrate concentrations at pH 5.4 and 35°C. By feeding glucose and butyrate as a cosubstrate, the fermentation was maintained in the solventogenesis phase, and the optimal butanol productivity of 4.6 g/(L h) and a yield of 0.42 g/g were obtained at a dilution rate of 0.9 h1 and pH 4.3. Compared to the conventional acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation, the new fermentation process greatly improved butanol yield, making butanol production from corn an attractive alternative to ethanol fermentation. 

Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N. and Blaschek, H.P. 2004. Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) Production from Concentrated Substrate Reduction in Substrate Inhibition by Fed-Batch Technique and Product Inhibition by Gas Stripping. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 63,653-658. 

Processes for production of ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture from fermentation products in membrane contactor devices were presented in Refs. [88,89]. Recovery of butanol from fermentation was reported in Ref. [90]. Use of composite membrane in a membrane reactor to separate and recover valuable biotechnology products was discussed in Refs. [91,92]. A case study on using membrane contactor modules to extract small molecular weight compounds of interest to pharmaceutical industry was shown in Ref. [93]. Extraction of protein and separation of racemic protein mixtures were discussed in Refs. [94,95]. Extractions of ethanol and lactic acid by membrane solvent extraction are reported in Refs. [96,97]. A membrane-based solvent extraction and stripping process was discussed in Ref. [98] for recovery of Phenylalanine. Extraction of aroma compounds from aqueous feed solutions into sunflower oil was investigated in Ref. [99]. 

Shukla R, Kang W, and Sirkar KK, Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production in a novel hoUow Hber fermentor-extractor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1989, 34, 1158-1166. 

A. Mulchandani and B. Volesky, Production of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol by Clostridium Acetobutilicum, ]. Biotechnology, 34, 51-60, Apr. 30 (1994). 

Fiiedl A, Qureshi N, Maddox IS. 1991. Continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation using immobilized cells of C. acetobutylicum in a packed bed reactor and integration with product removal by pervaporation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38 518-527. 

Vrana DL, Meagher MM, Hutkins RW, Duffield B. 1993. Pervaporation of model acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation product solutions using polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. Sep. Sci. Technol. 28 2167-2178. 

In the group of Sirkar, the application of microporous hollow fibers in the fermentative production of ethanol, acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE), etc. has been explored. In these systems, the role of the membrane is twofold. First, oxygen or nitrogen is supplied and the reaction products CO2 and H2 are removed. Sec-... 

The industrial production of biobutanol started in 1916 as a fermentation process using bacteria Clostridia acetobutylicum (39). This type of fermentation has been addressed as acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation and is used with molasses and cereal grains. The materials used for ABE fermentation are detailed in Table 11.2. 

Clostridium acetobutylicum Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) Algal biomass was converted into biofuel. Different algal species gave different product profiles [6]... 

Ezeji T, Qureshi N, Blaschek HP. (2007b). Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) in a continuous flow bioreactor using degermed com and Clostridium beijerinckii. Process Biochem, 42, 34—39. 

Figure 9.2 Initial flowsheet involving alternative technologies and design configurations for both functional parts removal of water content and production of butanol, ethanol, and acetone from fermentation broth of grains.

The interest in w-butanol as a biofuel has increased in recent years owing to its superior fuel qualities compared to ethanol. These include a higher octane number, lower heat of vaporization, higher energy density (energy/volume), and lower vapor pressure. However, in the traditional ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation process, the concentration of n-butanol coming from the fermenter is lower than that achieved in ethanol fermentation. In addition, acetone and ethanol are also produced. Recent studies to improve yield and increase w-butanol concentration have explored fed-batch systems with stripping, adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, distillation, and/or pervaporation to recover products. 

Other types of fermenters have been developed for specific applications. Anaerobic bioreactors are used when microorganisms do the conversions in the absence of oxygen. Examples are the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation with Clostridium species, the production of lactic acid with lactic acid bacteria, and bioethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Because of the need for large volumes with these low-cost products, and the ease of construction, these... 

Ni, Y. and Sun, Z. (2009) Recent progress on industrial fermentative production of acetone-butanol-ethanol by Qostridium acetobutylicum in China. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 83, 415-423. 

Maddox IS (1980) Production of n-butanol from whey filtrate using Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIB 2951. Biotechnol Lett 2 493-498 Maddox IS, Steiner E, Hirsch S, Wessner S, Gutierrez NA, Gapes JR, Schuster KG (2000) The cause of acid crash and acidogenic fermentations during the batch acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE-) fermentation process. J Molec Microbiol Biotechnol 2 95-100... 

Fermentative production of butanol by bacteria is known since the second half of the nineteenth century, and industrial production of butanol, based on fermentation with bacteria Clostridium acetobutylicum, was the second largest fermentative process in the world after ethanol production, during the first half of the twentieth century (Jones and Woods 1986 Durre 2008). In this process, known as the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, Clostridia consumes carbohydrates to produce primarily butanol and acetone. 

Butanol is naturally synthesised by Clostridia in a process called ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation. Butanol pathway, within ABE fermentation, consists of condensing two acetyl-CoA molecules (catalysed by a thiolase) and then reducing the product to butanol (requiring four reductases and one dehydratase). 

So far, the only known natural butanol produced are numerous clostridial species in a process called ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation. Butanol pathway in ABE fermentation consists of condensing two acetyl-CoA molecules (catalysed by a thiolase) and then reducing the product to butanol (requiring four reductases and one dehydratase). Except butanol, acetone and ethanol, Clostridia can also synthesise different chiral substances whose classical chemical synthesis would be challenging (Rogers et al. 1986), and they can degrade several toxic compounds (Francis et al. 1994 Spain 1995). 

Ezeji TC, Qureshi N, Blaschek HP (2004b) Acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) production from concentrated substrate reduction in substrate inhibition by fed-batch technique and product inhibition by gas stripping. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63(6) 653-8 Ezeji T, Qureshi N, Blaschek H (2005) Industrially relevant fermentations. In Dtirre P (ed) Handbook on clostridia. Taylor Francis, p. 797-812 Ezeji T, Qureshi N, Blaschek H (2005) Process for continuous solvent production. Google Patents Ezeji T et al (2006) Butanol production from com. In Minteer SD (ed) Alcoholic fuels. CRC/Taylor Francis... 

Gao X et al (2012) Genome shuffling of Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8012 for improved production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE). Curr Microbiol 65(2) 128-32 Gamier T et al (2003) The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium bovis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(13) 7877-82... 

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