Clostridium acetobutylicum

The earhest commercial process to 1-butanol, still practiced extensively in many Third World countries, employs fermentation of molasses or corn products with Clostridium acetobutylicum (11—13). Acetone and ethanol are obtained as coproducts. 

Acetone-butanol Clostridium acetobutylicum Solvents, chemical intermediate... 

Kawasaki S, Y Watamura, M Ono, T Watanabe, K Takeda, Y Niimura (2005) Adaptive responses to oxygen stress in obligatory anaerobes Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium aminovalericum. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8442-8450. 

Anaerobic extracts of Clostridium acetobutylicum reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to... 

Hughes JB, C Wang, K Yesland, A Richardson, R Bhadra, G Bennett, F Rudolph (1998) Bamberger rearrangement during TNT metabolism by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Environ Sci Technol 32 494-500. 

Watrous MM, S Clark, R Kutty, S Huang, FB Rudolph, JB Hughes, GN Bennett (2003) 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reduction by an Fe-only hydrogenase in Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol 182 5683-5691. 

Batch reactor Production of acetone and butanol from glucose Clostridium acetobutylicum 129... 

Kim, B. H. Bellows, P. Datta, R., and Zeikus, J. G., Control of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentations Utilization of carbon monoxide to inhibit hydrogen production and to enhance butanol yields. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1984. 48 pp. 764-770. 

Mollah, A. H., and Stuckey, D. C., Maximizing the Production of Acetone-Butanol in an Alginate Bead Fluidized Bed Reactor Using Clostridium acetobutylicum, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 56 83 (1993)... 

Qureshi, N., and Maddox, I. S., Reactor Design for the ABE Fermentation Using Cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum Immobilized by Adsorption onto... 

Butanol Some clostridia Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium saccha roacetobutylicum... 

Weizmann A process for producing acetone and //-butanol by the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria isolated from soil or cereals. Later work has shown that effective bacteria are Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus granulobacter pectinorum. Used in Britain in World War I for the manufacture of acetone, needed for the production of cordite. Subsequently operated by Commercial Solvents Corporation in Terre Haute, IN, and in two plants in Canada. Later abandoned in favor of synthetic processes. Invented by C. Weizmann in the University of Manchester in 1915, based on earlier work at the Pastern Institute by A. Fembach and E. H. Strange (hence the alternative name Fembach-Strange-Weizmann). The money that Weizmann obtained from royalties on this process was used in founding the State of Israel, of which he was the first president. 

Microorganisms have also been developed to produce alternative products, such as lactic acid [65], propane-1,3-diol [67], 3-hydroxypropionic acid [68], butane-2,3-diol [69] and numerous other intermediates. For instance, bacteria such as the Clostridium acetobutylicum ferment free sugars to C4 oxygenates such as butyric acid or butanol. They form the C4 oxygenates by Aldol condensation of the acetaldehyde intermediates. The Weizmann process exploits this property to ferment starch feedstock anaerobically at 37 °C to produce a mixture of w-butanol, acetone and ethanol in a volume ratio of 70 25 5 [3],... 

K. F. Reardon, T.-H. Scheper, and J. E. Bailey, Metabolic pathway rates and culture fluorescence in batch fermentations of Clostridium Acetobutylicum. Biotechnol Prog. 3, 153-167 (1987). 

A. K. Srivastava and B. Volesky, Measurement and regulation of culture reduction state in Clostridium acetobutylicum, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38, 181-190 (1991a). 

Clostridium acetobutylicum Escherichia [Fe] hydrogenase [NiFe] Putative cytoplasmic, ferredoxin linked H2 production during fermentation Fermentation pathway, phosphate limitation 4... 

Gorwa, M.-E, Croux, C. and Soucaille, P. (1996) Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the putative hydrogenase gene of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. J. BacterioL, 178, 2668-75. 

Clostridium pasteurianum B Clostridium botulinum B Clostridium acetobutylicum B Desulfitobacterium hafniense B Desulfitobacterium hafniense A Clostridium pasteurianum A Clostridium acetobutylicum A... 

Clostridium acetobutylicum p262 Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 Clostridium pasteurianum Clostridium perfringens Clostridium thermocellum... 

Haidour and Ramos (1996) analyzed the degradation products of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene by the bacterium Pseudomonas sp. clone A under aerobic conditions utilizing 2,4-dinitrotoluene as a source of nitrogen. Two metabolites tentatively identified were 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene. Also, three azoxytoluenes were identified 4,4 -dinitro-2,2 -azoxytoluene, 2,2 -dinitro-4,4 -azoxytoluene, and 2,4 -dinitro-2, 4-azoxytoluene. 2-Amino-4-nitrotoluene and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene were also identified as products of 2,4-dinitrotoluene metabolism by Clostridium acetobutylicum via the hydroxyl-aminonitrotoluene intermediates, namely 4-hydroxylamino-2-nitrotoluene and 2-hydroxylamino-4-nitrotoluene (Hughes et al., 1999). 

Hughes, J.B., Wang, C.Y., and Zhang, C. Anaerobic biotransformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotolueneby Clostridium acetobutylicum a pathway tlirough dihydroxylatnino intermediates. Environ. Sci. Technol, 33(7) 1065-1070,1999. 

Bacillus sp. Cellulase A (14) Bacillus sp. Cellulase B (75) Bacillus sp. Cellulase C (76) Bacillus subtilis Cellulase (17) Bacillus subtilis Cellulase B (18) Clostridium acetobutylicum Cellukse (79) Erwinia chrysanthemi Cellulase Z (20)... 

Similar approaches to cloning of bacterial xylanases have been used for genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum (30), Bacillus polymyxa (31), Bacteroides succinogenes (32), Clostridium thermocellum (33) and Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa (34). In each case the xylanases were predominantly located intracellularly and the levels of xylanases produced from cloned systems were, in general, very low in comparison to yeast and fungal systems. A comparison of the production yields and extent of extracellular production for various cloned xylanase genes is found in Table... 

While most appfications were performed in suspended cell cultures some authors showed that the application of NADH-dependent fluorescence monitoring is also possible in immobifized cell systems. Here the growth of Clostridium acetobutylicum and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in different calcium alginate structures was studied. However, calibration of the culture fluorescence signal with the biomass concentration was not possible but qualitatively an increasing biomass also led to an increase in the fluorescence signals. 

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