Primary method

Primary or pretreatment methods. Primary or pretreatment processes serve two purposes ... 

Whereas multicolor immunoenzyme staining is applicable only for separately located antigens (see Chap. 7), multicolor fluorescence immmunostaining makes it possible to colocalize antigens not only in the same cell but also in the same cellular compartment. Simultaneous immunolocalization of antigens using fluorescent antibodies can be fulfilled both by the direct (see Sect. 4.1) and indirect (see Sect. 4.2) methods. With the direct method, primary antibodies are labeled with fluorescent dyes, while with the indirect method, primary antibodies are applied as unlabeled antibodies and the visualization is performed with secondary antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dyes. 

Primary Method Primary Method primary Method Primary Method... 

Method Primary parameter(s) (program) Secondary parameter(s) (selectivity)... 

For the majority of X-ray fluorescence methods primary X-rays with a wide spectrum of energies are directed on to the specimen. The secondary radiation emitted is viewed through a collimator at an angle of 90° to the incident beam. X-rayemission may also be stimulated by bombardment with nuclear radiation from a suitable radioactive source (e.g. 55Fe, 24. Am, 2,sPu). The range of energies available is more limited in this case and curtails the flexibility of the method. However, a number of specific element analysers have been con-... 

Derivatives of phosphonic acids, RP==O(0H)2, can be prepared by several different oxidative methods. Primary phosphines RPH2 are oxidized to phosphonic acids by hydrogen peroxide or by sulfur dioxide thus, phenylphosphine gave benzenephosphonic acid (96%) on reaction with sulfur dioxide at room temperature in a sealed tube. Phosphinic acids, RI sO(OH)H, can also be oxidized to the corresponding phosphonic acids with hydrogen peroxide. Ozone oxidized the dioxaphosphorane (54) to the phosphonic ester in 73% yield. Ozone is also capable of stereospecific oxidation of phosphite esters to phosphates. For example, the cyclic phosphite (SS) was oxidized to the phosphate (56) with retention of configuration. Peroxy acids and selenium dioxide are other common oxidants for phosphite esters. 

During the latter stages of the CO2 flood, two new injection wells (PI-7 and PI-8) and one production well (OB-1) were placed in operation in an external corner of one of the five spots (Figure 2) as a "miniflood test of a conventional CO2 process. A substantial amount (11% OOIP) of oil was recovered from this new producer, demonstrating that the WAG injections up to that time had left a considerable amount of oil. This area (PI-6, PI-7, PI-8, and OB-1) was selected for a test of the ability of "C02 foam" flooding to produce "quinary" oil, following all of the other methods (primary, low-pressure gas, water, miscible CO2) that had been applied. 

The various methods utilizing a second antibody for the purpose of separation can be divided into four different types. These are post-precipitation (the most common method), primary antibody pre-precipitation (formation of a precipitate of first and second antibody before adding to the assay vessel), solid phase (second antibody conjugated to an inert solid matrix), and nonimmune globulin pre-precipitation (a new method to be described here). 

Figure 9. Electron mlcrophotograph of the dry regenerated cellulose membrane prepared through micro-phase separation method primary particles are observed In a secondary particle with a diameter of ca. 300 nm.

With regard to the hierarchy of methods, primary methods or definitive methods frequently represent the highest level of reliability. Such concepts, coming from fundamental physical metrology, may find their interest in particular within discussions on traceability concepts (see section 2.1.3). In chapter 5, on the certification of RMs, these aspects are discussed in some more detail (section 5.1.4.1). 

Fig. 3.5b Classical integration method primary distribution the current density tends monotonic to infinity.

Fig. 3.5d Analytical integration method primary distribution near the singularity the current density oscillates which is not observed in fig.3 5b.

IMSs have been employed as detectors for well-established methods for the determination of bacteria and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In ELISA methods, primary antibodies attach to epitopes on the bacterial wall. Each antibody has a structure containing numerous epitopes that can be associated with a secondary antibody. The secondary antibody also has a region with enzymatic activity. This enzymatic region is able to react with a substrate to cleave a product that either is colored and can be determined by a spectrophotometer or is volatile and can be determined by headspace analysis. In the method developed by Snyder et al. and quantitatively explored by Smith et al.," the final product exhibited a distinctive negative product ion peak, as observed with a mobility spectrometer. This was accomplished with the widely deployed military-grade CAM, which was used without modification and suggested that it could serve as a potential bacteria analyzer, provided reagent kits and an inlet adaptor were also distributed. 

Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method. Primary Film Test Method ASTM D1709 Additional Test Method ISO 7765-1. A weighted dart is dropped from a standard height onto a taut sample. Depending upon the expected impact strength of the test sample, either method A or method B is chosen. The method defines the dart size and the drop height for the dart. Test method A specifies a dart with a 38 mm diameter dropped from 0.66 m. Test method B specifies a dart with a 51 mm diameter dropped from 1.5 m. 

Method Primary fermentation Transfer Post fermentation storage... 

These are not dyed by exhaust methods. Primary environmental concerns are suspended solids and color. The suspended soUds result from the foaming and coagulation of the binder, antimigrant, and thickeners. Due to their large hydro-dynamic radius and neutral buoyancy, these solids are difficult to treat as they will not settle nor float for efficient skimming. 

The three most common methods (primary systems) of providing fall protection are guardrails, safety nets, and personal fall arrest systems. 

Though, several multicenter studies that used substantial numbers of patients in comparing CT colonography to colonoscopy (Pickhardt et al. 2003 Cotton et al. 2004 Rocket et al. 2005) have reported controversial results. These controversial results have led to speculations about their cause the bowel preparation (with or without oral contrast), the scanning parameters (5 mm vs. thinner), the role of the experience of the reviewer, the review method (primary 2D or primary 3D), etc. It is striking, though, that the comparative study that reported the highest sensitivity had used a primary 3D review approach (Pickhardt et al. 2003), whereas two studies with the lower sensitivity used a primary 2D review method. 

In the low prevalence group a discrepancy can be seen between studies with good results (Pickhardt et al. 2003 van Gelder et al. 2004b) and moderate outcomes (Johnsonetal. 2003a Cottonetal. 2004). These controversial results have resulted in speculations about its cause the review method (primary 2D or primary 3D), the bowel preparation (with or... 

In this method primary aliphatic and aromatic amines yield coloured products by nucleophilic displacement of the sulphonic group of l,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid (44) (equation 29) . This reaction has also been applied in colourimetric determinations... 

FAULT PROTECTION AND SYSTEM COORDINATION SWITCHGEAR LOCATION AND WIRING WIRING METHODS Primary and Secondary Feeders Busways... 

Author No. of patients/ procedures Method Primary success (%0 Long- term success Complications Follow-up (months)... 

Flow meters on field sampling instruments are calibrated using one of several methods. Primary standards are tliose which measure volume directly and are, therefore, preferred. Primary air flow standards include bubble meters, spirometers and Mariotti botdes. The time required to draw a measured volume of air through these systems is measured and the resulting flow rate is calculated. These methods are typically accurate to within one percent. 

Oxidation of Alcohols, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Compounds as well as Si-Si and Si-H Bonds. Bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide acts as an effective oxidant for alcohols in the presence of p3tri-dinium dichromate or RuCLlPPhsls complex as the catalyst in CH2CI2. By this method, primary allylic and benzylic alcohols can be selectively oxidized to a-enals in the presence of a secondary alcohol. 

TBDMSCl-Assisted Reactions. Nitro aldol (Henry) reactions have been reported to be promoted by TBDMSCl. To a THF solution of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride is added sequentially equimolar amounts of the nitro compound, aldehyde, and EtsN, followed by an excess of TBDMSCl (eq 11). Substitution of TMSCl for TBDMSCl reduces the yield of nitro aldol product. The authors speculate that TBDMSCl is responsible for activation of the aldehyde while n-Bu4NF activates the nitro compound. In a related method, primary and secondary nitro alkanes were treated with LDA in THF followed by addition of TBDMSCl to give the corresponding silyl nitronates. The silyl nitronates reacted with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes which gave vicinal nitro TBDMS aldol products. ... 

Kinetic Method - Primary and Secondary Hydroxyi Groups... 

Soil water method Primary treated (separation of soil) soil Secondary treated (filter pressed) soil i Soil aggregates solid contents +10% 1 Gravel 5-10% [ Sand 20-35% Cake 40-100%... 

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