Availability and Economics

Copper, aluminium, steel and galvanized iron are the most widely used metals for the purpose of grounding. Choice of any of them will depend upon availability and economics in addition to the climatic conditions (corrosion effect) at the site of installation. In Table 22.3 we provide a brief comparison of these metals for the most appropriate choice of the metal for the required application. 

Z. R. Lemanczyk. The use of polymers in well stimulation performance, availability and economics. In Proceedings Volume. Plast Rubber Inst Use of Polymers in Drilling Oilfield Fluids Conf (London, England, 12/9), 1991. 

Platinum Availability and Economics for PEMFC Commercialisation. TIAX report to US Department of Energy, Dec 2003. DOE report nr. DE-FC04-01AL67601. Available at wwwl.eere.energy.gov/ hydrogenandfuelcells... 

Synthesis-Gas-Production Processes. These processes were improved and developed as a result of changes in feedstock availability and economics. Before World War II, most NH3 plants obtained H2 by reacting coal or coke with steam in the water-gas process, A small number of plants... 

Raw material selection for shortenings has been influenced by availability and economics. These factors were the main reasons for the development of lard substitutes, introduction of pure vegetable shortenings, major processing improvements, the development of additives to fortify specific performance characteristics, and most of the other changes. Table 1 give U.S. information on fats and oils used... 

S)- and (R)-1 -Phenylethylamines and the related 2-hydroxy- and 2-methoxyamines are the most available and economically feasible auxiliaries and are frequently used as their... 

The scavenger should be widely available and economical for industry acceptance by having a low unit cost plus high sulfide reaction efficiency under all conditions of use. 

Top-level criteria and requirements are defined primarily from two sources the regulator, whose concern is primarily public health and safety, and the user, whose concern is all encompassing (e.g. safety, performance, availability, and economics). Each of the four Goals has been quantified by a series of top-level criteria and requirements (Ref. 1, 2). The Top-Level Regulatory Criteria are a necessary and sufficient set of direct quantitative statements of acceptable health and safety consequences (doses) or risks to the public that are independent of reactor type and site. Demonstration of... 

It provides for exchange of information, consultation, cooperation in research and development, and on the basis of these, for the development of measures to combat the discharge of atmospheric pollutants. Such measures will include the use of best available and economically feasible technology particularly in new installations. The Convention also provides for specific consultative procedures when major projects are planned which may adversely affect the environment in other countries. 

Deletion of the analytical shape constraint from a rational B-spline curve enables the B-spline to be modified as a free form curve. The effect of a shape constraint can be deleted for the entire curve or only for one or more of its segments. The initial shape of a free form curve is free to change. This freedom is restricted by the representation capabilities of the applied mathematics background. For example, a Bezier curve cannot be modified locally whereas a rational B-spline curve ensures excellent local modification. The shape of a curve is locally restricted by, among others, the shape of the available and economical cutting tools. 

E-glass has a low alkali composition which produces the excellent electrical insulation properties and is the most commonly used glass fibre in FRP owing to its good mechanical and physical properties, versatility, ready availability and economic price. Of the common glasses it shows much less degradation with time to attack by water. 

Reliability and maintainability analysis, based on breakdown, repair, and periodic maintenance statistics obtained for each plant item (or even on sensible guesses from experienced people). In conjunction with economic data, the model is used to predict plant availability and economic performance while taking into account the probability of failure of individual components and the repair time. The model may be used to make optimum choices on the provision of standby equipment, equipment enhancement, operational flexibility enhancement (including optimizing the period between overhauls), maintenance facilities, intermediate tankage or stockpile capacity, and capacity margins for individual equipment items. 

Sometimes, the two processes (reversible termination and reversible transfer) can operate simultaneously (example hving radical poljmerizations mediated by organo-cobalt porphjrin complexes reported by Wayland et al. ). Several CRP techniques have been developed in the past thirty years, but their implementation at an industrial scale, especially in heterogeneous aqueous processes which are of major importance nowadays, remains a challenge. In this paper, we report our strategy to set up a new CRP technique based on simple, readily available and economical chemicals and our attempts to control the polymerization in aqueous emulsion polymerizations. Experimental details are given elsewhere.l ... 

Verification of high availability and economical prospects of FBR fuel reprocessing are essential for deployment of FBR and its fuel cycle. In order to accomplish them at future pilot plant, hot engineering demonstrations of important process and equipment are necessary in advance. From this viewpoint, PNC has... 

Tiax (2003) Platinum availability and economics for PEMFC commercialisation. Report to US Department of Eneigy, http //wwwl.eCTe.aiergy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/tiaxj)latinum. pdf... 

As is apparent from the tables, most of the y-glutamyl derivatives have been found in seeds, although some have been identified in fresh plant parts. This is due partly to the fact that seeds have been more thoroughly investigated because of their availability and economic importance, but it also reflects the general tendency for non-protein amino acids and y-glutamyl derivatives to occur in high concentrations in seeds but in low concentrations or not at all in fresh plant parts (cf. Section VII. 5). 

The human s consumption of non-food products, that is, industrial products, has been limited generally by availability and economic considerations. Research work to develop and to increase the number of industrial products derived from renewable resources, in the long run, could give mankind more flexibility to meet these needs. However, the rhetorical question in the 1980 s, as it was in the 1930 s, is how far can chemurgy advance ... 

The inquiry phase of molds is for the provider as well as the customer, which is occupied with the request and inquiry validation, a very delicate matter in the field of tension between available and economically reasonable time utilization on the one hand and the requirements of transparency and accuracy on the other. 

Traditionally for debottlenecking studies of smelters and oflier process plants, a mass balance is performed based on continuous operating rates and ejqtected operating hours. Smelters have several points of failure that will restrict, if not take the entire plant offline. By using a more detailed model, validated against plant experience, bottlenecks can be demonstrated and strategies to remove them to increase plant availability and economic. 

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